Insimbi engaphekiwe kudala iyitshe legumbi ekwakhiweni, ekukhiqizeni nasekusetshenzisweni okuhlukahlukene kwezimboni ngenxa yokuqina kwayo ukumelana nokugqwala. Inqubo ye-galvanization ihilela ukumboza insimbi ngongqimba oluvikelayo lwe-zinc ukuvimbela ukugqwala. Nokho, kuphakama umbuzo ovamile: Ingabe insimbi yamagalazi iyagqwala? Ukuqonda izakhiwo zensimbi ethathiwe kubalulekile konjiniyela, abaklami bezakhiwo, kanye nezingcweti zemboni ezithembele ekuqineni kwayo. Lesi sihloko sidingida ubunkimbinkimbi bensimbi enamagqabhagqabha, ihlola ukumelana nokugqwala kwayo, izimo lapho ingase igle khona, kanye nezindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokusetshenziswa kwazo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. Ngokuhlola izimiso eziyisisekelo zokugalela kanye nokusebenza kwayo, sihlose ukuhlinzeka ngohlaziyo olubanzi lwale nto esetshenziswa kabanzi.
Kulabo abanentshisekelo yokucaciswa okuningiliziwe kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe Insimbi Eyinsimbi , ukuqonda ukuziphatha kwayo ezimeni ezihlukene kubalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo ezinolwazi ekukhetheni izinto.
Inqubo Yokugalela kanye Nendlela Yayo Yokuzivikela
Ukuze uqonde ukuthi insimbi engagqwala ingagqwala yini, kuyaphoqeleka ukuthi uqale uqonde inqubo yokufaka uthayela uqobo. Ukufakwa uthayela ngokuvamile kuhilela ukucwilisa insimbi kubhavu we-zinc encibilikisiwe emazingeni okushisa acishe abe ngu-450°C (842°F), indlela eyaziwa ngokuthi i-hot-dip galvanizing. I-zinc coating isebenza njengesithiyo esingokomzimba, esivimbela izakhi zemvelo ukuthi zixhumane ne-substrate yensimbi. Ukwengeza, i-zinc inikeza ukuvikelwa komhlatshelo; lapho ukugqoka konakalisiwe, i-zinc corrodes ngokukhethayo kunensimbi ngenxa ye-reactivity yayo ephakeme, ngaleyo ndlela ivikela insimbi ekugqwaleni.
Ngokusho kwe-American Galvanizers Association, ungqimba lwezinc lunganweba impilo yezakhiwo zensimbi kuze kufike eminyakeni engu-50 ezindaweni zasemaphandleni kanye neminyaka engu-20-25 ezindaweni ezisogwini noma zezimboni lapho izinga lokugqwala liphakeme. Ukusebenza komshini wokuvikela kuncike ezintweni ezimbalwa, okuhlanganisa ukushuba kwe-zinc enamathelayo, izimo zemvelo, kanye nokuba khona kwama-ejenti abolayo.
Izinto Ezingaholela Ekugxumeni Kwensimbi Enguthayela
Izimo Zemvelo
Nakuba insimbi ethathiwe iklanyelwe ukumelana nokugqwala, izimo ezithile zemvelo zingasheshisa ukuwohloka koqweqwe lwezinc, ekugcineni kuholele ekugqwaleni kwensimbi engaphansi. Umswakama ophezulu, imvula ene-asidi, ukuchayeka emanzini anosawoti, nokungcola okufana ne-sulphur dioxide kungalimaza ungqimba lwezinc oluvikelayo. Ezindaweni zasolwandle, isibonelo, ukuba khona kwama-ion e-chloride kwandisa kakhulu izinga lokugqwala kwe-zinc. Ucwaningo olwenziwa yi-US Federal Highway Administration lubonisa ukuthi izakhiwo zensimbi ezindaweni ezisogwini zingase zibe nezinga eliphezulu lokugqwala ngenxa yesifutho sikasawoti kanye nomswakama.
Ukulimala Kwemishini Nokugqokwa
Ukulimala ngokomzimba embotsheni ye-zinc, njengokuklwebheka, ukuhuzuka, noma umthelela, kungadalula insimbi engaphansi ezintweni ezibolayo. Nakuba imvelo yomhlatshelo ye-zinc ingavikela izindawo ezincane zensimbi eveziwe, umonakalo omkhulu ungadlula lo mphumela wokuvikela. Ukuhlola nokugcinwa njalo kubalulekile, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni lapho insimbi ingase ibe ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kwemishini.
Ukuchayeka Kwamakhemikhali
Ukuchayeka kumakhemikhali athile kungasheshisa inqubo yokugqwala. Isibonelo, ama-asidi, ama-alkali, nama-oxidizing aqinile angasabela nge-zinc, agugule ungqimba oluyisivikelo. Izindawo zezimboni lapho ukuchayeka kwamakhemikhali kuvame khona zidinga izinyathelo zokuvikela ezengeziwe noma ezinye izinto zokuqinisekisa ukuphila isikhathi eside.
Izibonelo Ezibonisa Ukugqwala Kwensimbi Enguthayela
Izibonelo zomhlaba wangempela zigqamisa indlela insimbi engagqwala ngayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Ocwaningweni oluyisibonelo oluhlanganisa amapayipi ensimbi edolobheni elingasogwini, ukugqwala okusheshayo kwabonwa ngenxa yokuchayeka njalo emoyeni onosawoti kanye nomswakama ophezulu. Naphezu kokumbozwa kokuvikela kokuqala, indawo enzima yanciphisa isikhathi sokuphila esilindelwe samapayipi ngama-30%. Esinye isibonelo yizakhiwo zensimbi ezinamanzi ezindaweni zezimboni ezinamazinga aphezulu e-sulphur dioxide. Izimo ezine-acidic zaholela ekwakhekeni kwe-zinc sulfate, ukunciphisa ungqimba oluvikelayo futhi kwaholela ekwakhekeni kokugqwala ensimbi ngaphansi.
Ukuhlaziya Amazinga Okugqwala Ezindaweni Ezihlukene
Ukuze kulinganiswe ukusebenza kwensimbi ethathiwe ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, kuye kwenziwa izifundo zezinga lokugqwala emhlabeni jikelele. Ezindaweni zasemakhaya ezinokungcola okuphansi kanye nezimo ezomile, izinga lokugqwala kwezingubo ze-zinc lincane, ngokuvamile lingaphansi kwe-1 µm ngonyaka. Ngokuphambene, izindawo zezimboni nezasolwandle zingabonisa amazinga okugqwala angaphezu kuka-4 µm ngonyaka. Idatha eqoqwe yi-International Organization for Standardization (ISO) inikeza imihlahlandlela yokubikezela ubude besikhathi sokuphila kwezinsimbi ezisekelwe ekuhlukaniseni imvelo. Isibonelo, endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi i-C3 (isimo sezulu sasemadolobheni nesezimboni esinokungcola okusesilinganisweni kwe-sulphur dioxide), impilo okulindeleke ukuthi iqale ukunakekelwa kwe-zinc coating engu-85 µm cishe iminyaka engu-20-40.
Izinyathelo Zokuvimbela kanye Nemikhuba Engcono Kakhulu
Ukukhetha Okufanelekile Okubalulekile
Ukukhetha uhlobo olufanele lwensimbi enothayela kanye nogqinsi olufanele lokumboza kubalulekile. Isisindo sokumboza, esivame ukuvezwa ngamagremu imitha yesikwele ngayinye (g/m²), sinquma izinga lokuvikela. Ezindaweni ezinamazinga aphezulu okugqwala, ukucacisa i-zinc coating enzima kakhulu kungathuthukisa ukuqina. Amazinga afana ne-ASTM A123 ahlinzeka ngemihlahlandlela yokujiya koqweqwe olusekelwe kuhlelo lokusebenza kanye nokuchayeka kwemvelo okulindelekile.
Izingubo Zokuzivikela Nopende
Ukusebenzisa ezinye izinto zokuzivikela, ezinjengopende noma izimbotshana eziyimpushana, phezu kongqimba olunothayela kungandisa kakhulu ukuphila kwensimbi. Lolu hlelo lwe-duplex luhlanganisa ukuvikelwa kokugqwala kwe-zinc nokuvikelwa komgoqo we-coating. Ngokocwaningo olwanyatheliswa kuyi- Journal of Protective Coatings and Linings , uhlelo lwe-duplex lungandisa isikhathi sokuphila sensimbi engu-1.5 kuya ku-2.5 izikhathi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinsimbi zodwa.
Ukuhlola kanye Nokunakekela Okuvamile
Ukuhlolwa ngezikhathi ezithile kusiza ukuhlonza izimpawu zokuqala zokuwohloka kwe-coating noma ukulimala. Izinqubo zokunakekela ezifana nokuhlanza, ukupenda kokuthinta, nokulungisa izindawo ezilimele kungavimbela ukuqhubeka kokugqwala. Ukusebenzisa ishejuli yokulungisa kubaluleke kakhulu ezakhiweni ezichayeke ezimeni ezinzima.
Imithelela Yezomnotho Yokugqwala Kwezinsimbi
Ukugqwala kwezakhiwo zensimbi kunemithelela ebalulekile kwezomnotho, okuhlanganisa izindleko zokulungisa ezikhuphukayo, ukulahlekelwa ubuqotho besakhiwo, kanye nezingozi ezingaba khona zokuphepha. I-National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) ilinganisela ukuthi izindleko zokugqwala zingaphezu kuka-3% we-GDP yomhlaba minyaka yonke. Ukusebenzisa insimbi enezinsimbi ezinezinyathelo zokuzivikela ezifanele kunganciphisa lezi zindleko ngokwandisa impilo yesevisi yezakhiwo kanye nokunciphisa isidingo sokulungisa noma ukushintshwa. Ukutshalwa kwezimali kunsimbi yekhwalithi ephezulu kanye nokugcinwa kokuvikela kungaletha ukonga kwesikhathi eside nokuphepha okuthuthukisiwe.
Ukuhlaziya Ngokuqhathanisa Nezinye Izindlela Zokuvikela Ukugqwala
Ezinye izindlela zokuvikela ukugqwala zihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi engagqwali, ama-alloys amelana nokugqwala, ukupenda, nokuvikelwa kwe-cathodic. Indlela ngayinye inezinzuzo zayo nokulinganiselwa kwayo. Insimbi engagqwali inikeza ukumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu kodwa ngezindleko eziphakeme kakhulu. Ukudweba kunikeza isivikelo sesithiyo kodwa kudinga ukunakekelwa okuvamile futhi kungase kunganikezi ukuvikelwa komhlatshelo njenge-zinc. Amasistimu okuvikela ama-cathodic ayasebenza kodwa ngokuvamile asetshenziselwa izakhiwo ezinkulu njengamapayipi futhi adinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo. Insimbi engaphekiwe ishaya ibhalansi phakathi kwezindleko nokusebenza, ihlinzeka ngokuvikeleka okusebenzayo kokugqwala kwezinhlelo eziningi zokusebenza.
Intuthuko ku-Galvanization Technology
Intuthuko yakamuva kubuchwepheshe bokwenza uthayela ihlose ukuthuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi. Amasu afana ne-galvannealing, ehilela ukwelashwa kokushisa ngemva kokufakwa kukathayela, akhiqiza ingxube ye-zinc-iron alloy enikeza ukunamathela okuthuthukisiwe kopende kanye nokumelana nokuhuzuka. Ukwengeza, ukuthuthukiswa kwezingubo ezikhethekile ze-zinc-aluminium-magnesium kubonise ukusebenza okuphezulu ezindaweni ezinolaka. Ucwaningo olwenziwa yi-International Zinc Association lubonise ukuthi lezi zembatho ezithuthukisiwe zinganikeza ukumelana nokugqwala okuphindwe kathathu kwe-hot-dip galvanization yendabuko.
Amazinga Nemininingwane Elawula Insimbi Enguthayela
Izindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe amaningana zicacisa izidingo zensimbi eqinile, eqinisekisa ukuvumelana nokuthembeka ekusetshenzisweni kwayo. Amazinga abalulekile afaka:
I-ASTM A123/A123M : Imboza izidingo zezinc (i-hot-dip galvanized) emikhiqizweni yensimbi neyensimbi.
I-TS EN ISO 1461 : Icacisa izici ezijwayelekile zokumboza nezindlela zokuhlola zokunamathela okufakwe emanzini ashisayo ku-athikili eyenziwe yensimbi neyensimbi.
I-TS EN 1179 Izinga laseYurophu le-zinc kanye ne-zinc alloys yokufaka i-galvanizing.
Ukunamathela kulawa mazinga kuqinisekisa ukuthi insimbi ewuthayela ihlangabezana nemibandela yekhwalithi edingekayo yokumelana nokugqwala, ukujiya kokumboza, kanye nezakhiwo zemishini.
Imibono Yochwepheshe kanye Nemibono Yemboni
Ongoti bezimboni bagqamisa ukubaluleka kokubheka izimo zemvelo uma kubalula izinsimbi. UDkt. Michael Thompson, unjiniyela we-metallurgical ochwepheshe bokugqwala, uyaphawula ukuthi 'Ngenkathi insimbi ewuthayela inikeza isivikelo esihle kakhulu ekugqwaleni, ukusebenza kwayo kuncike kakhulu endaweni ezungezile kanye nezinqubo zokunakekela. Ukukhetha okufanele kanye nokunakekelwa okufanele kuyisihluthulelo sokukhulisa isikhathi sayo sokuphila.'
Abakhiqizi bagcizelela isidingo semfundo mayelana nemikhawulo kanye nokusetshenziswa ngendlela efanele kwezinsimbi. U-Sarah Johnson, Umqondisi Wokuthuthukiswa Komkhiqizo kumkhiqizi wensimbi ohamba phambili, uthi, 'Ukuqonda izici ezithinta insimbi ethathiwe kubalulekile konjiniyela nabaklami. Ngokuvumelanisa ukukhetha kwempahla nezimo zemvelo, singaqinisekisa ukuphila isikhathi eside nokuthembeka kwezakhiwo zensimbi.'
Indaba eyisibonelo: Insimbi Eyisithako Emiklamweni Yengqalasizinda
Ukusetshenziswa kwezithako zensimbi kumaphrojekthi wengqalasizinda emikhulu kukhombisa izinzuzo nezinselelo zayo ezingokoqobo. Ngokwesibonelo, iSydney Harbour Bridge, ihlanganisa izingxenye zensimbi eziye zamelana novivinyo lwesikhathi kusukela lakhiwa ngo-1932. Ukunakekelwa okuvamile nokucatshangelwa kwemvelo kuye kwaba yingxenye yokulondoloza isakhiwo sensimbi. Ngokuphambene, ukugqwala ngaphambi kwesikhathi kwezinsimbi ezithathiwe ezingxenyeni ezithile zeSan Mateo-Hayward Bridge eCalifornia kwagqamisa isidingo sokukhethwa kwezinto ezifanele kanye nezinyathelo zokuzivikela ezindaweni zasolwandle.
Izeluleko Ezisebenzayo Zokusebenzisa Insimbi Ethathiwe
Ukucatshangelwa kokuklama
Ukuklama izakhiwo ngokuvimbela ukugqwala engqondweni kubandakanya ukuvumela ukugeleza kwamanzi ngendlela efanele ukuze kuvinjwe ukuhlangana kwamanzi, ukugwema ukuthintana nezinsimbi ezingafani ezingabangela ukugqwala kwe-galvanic, kanye nokunciphisa imifantu lapho izinto ezigqwalayo zinganqwabelana khona. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-sealant kanye nemiklamo ehlangene efanele kungaqhubeka nokuvikela izingxenye zensimbi enama-galvanized.
Isitoreji Nokuphatha
Ukugcinwa nokuphathwa ngendlela efanele kwemikhiqizo yensimbi kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukugqwala ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo kufanele zigcinwe ezindaweni ezomile nezinomoya ohlanzekile kude nezinto ezigqwalile. Ngesikhathi sokuthutha nokufakwa, ukunakekelwa kufanele kuthathwe ukuze ugweme ukulimaza i-zinc coating.
Umthelela Wezinqubomgomo Zokulawula Ekusetshenzisweni Kwensimbi Evunyiwe
Izinqubomgomo zokulawula kanye nemithethonqubo yezemvelo inomthelela ekukhiqizeni nasekusetshenzisweni kwezinsimbi. Imikhawulo ekusetshenzisweni kwezinto eziyingozi, njengomthofu ekugaleleni, iholele ekwamukelweni kwezindlela zokukhiqiza ezihlanzekile. Amakhodi wokwakha kanye nezindinganiso zezimboni ngokuvamile zicacisa ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi enama-galvanized kwezicelo ezithile, ukukhuthaza ukuphepha nokuphila isikhathi eside. Ukuthobela le mithethonqubo kubalulekile kubakhiqizi nabachwepheshe bezokwakha.
I-Outlook yesikhathi esizayo kanye neziqondiso zocwaningo
Ucwaningo oluqhubekayo luhlose ukuqhubekela phambili nokuthuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi engaphekiwe. Izembatho ezisekelwe ku-Nanotechnology ziyahlolwa ukuze kwakhiwe izendlalelo ezivikelayo ezinezici zokuziphilisa. Ukwengeza, izinqubo zokugalela imvelo ezinobungani zisathuthukiswa ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela wemvelo wokukhishwa kwe-zinc ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlelo ezihlakaniphile zokuqapha ukugqwala kusetshenziswa izinzwa ezishumekwe ezakhiweni zensimbi kunganikeza idatha yesikhathi sangempela mayelana nobuqotho bokumboza, okuvumela amasu okunakekela asebenzayo.
Imfundo Nokuqeqesha Ochwepheshe Bemboni
Ukuthuthukisa isisekelo solwazi lwabadwebi bezakhiwo, onjiniyela, nezisebenzi zokwakha mayelana nezinsimbi zamathayili kubalulekile ukuze zisetshenziswe ngempumelelo. Izinhlelo zokuqeqesha nezifundo zokunikeza izitifiketi ezinikezwa izinhlangano zezimboni, ezifana ne-American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), zinikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nezakhiwo ezibonakalayo, ukucatshangelwa kwedizayini, kanye nezindlela ezihamba phambili. Ukuqhubeka nemfundo kusiza ochwepheshe ukuthi bahlale benolwazi ngentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kanye namazinga athuthukayo.
Isiphetho
Ngamafuphi, ngenkathi insimbi ethathiwe iklanyelwe ukumelana nokugqwala, ayivikelekile ngokuphelele ekugqwaleni ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Izici zemvelo, ukulimala kwemishini, kanye nokuchayeka kwamakhemikhali kungafaka engozini ungqimba lwezinc oluvikelayo, okuholela ekugqwaleni kwensimbi engaphansi. Ngokuqonda lezi zici nokusebenzisa izinqubo ezingcono kakhulu ekukhetheni impahla, ekuklanyweni nasekugcinweni kwayo, ukuqina kwezakhiwo zensimbi ezithathiwe kungathuthukiswa kakhulu. Intuthuko kubuchwepheshe bokwenza amagalani kanye nokugcizelela ekwakhiweni okusimeme kuqhubezela phambili ukuqinisa indima yensimbi ebunjiniyela besimanje. Okwezimboni nochwepheshe abathembele kubo Insimbi Egaliwe , ukuqonda okuphelele kwezakhiwo zayo kanye nemikhawulo kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza nokuphila isikhathi eside.
