Ukhona: Ikhaya / Izindaba / Ulwazi / Ungashisela Kanjani Insimbi Eyisithako

Ungashisela Kanjani Insimbi Eyisithako

Ukubuka: 0 Umbhali: Isikhathi Sokushicilela Isihleli Sesayithi: 2025-10-23 Umsuka: Isayithi

Wake wazibuza ukuthi kungani insimbi eyakhanyiswa idume kangaka kwezokwakha kanye nezimboni? Ilula: i-zinc yayo enamathelayo inikeza ukumelana nokugqwala okungenakuqhathaniswa, okuyenza ibe ukukhetha okuphezulu kokuqina. Kodwa-ke, ukushisela insimbi enothayela kunezinselele eziyingqayizivele ngenxa yalolu ngqimba oluvikelayo. Kulokhu okuthunyelwe, uzofunda ukuthi iyini insimbi, kungani ibalulekile ukushisela, futhi uthole umbono wenqubo yokushisela ukuze uqinisekise ukushisela okuqinile, okuhlanzekile.

Ukuqonda Insimbi Eyisithako

Incazelo Nokubunjwa

Insimbi eyakhiwe ngensimbi iyinsimbi evamile embozwe ungqimba oluncane lwezinc. Lolu ngqimba lwezinki luvikela insimbi ekugqwaleni nasekugqwaleni ngokusebenza njengesithiyo nokuzidela ngaphambi kokuba insimbi yonakale. I-zinc enamathela ngokuvamile isetshenziswa ngokusebenzisa i-hot-dipping noma i-electroplating. I-hot-dip galvanizing ihilela ukucwilisa insimbi ku-zinc encibilikisiwe, ukudala ukunamathela okuqinile, okuqinile. I-Electroplating d

ibeka ungqimba oluncane lwezinki kusetshenziswa amandla kagesi.

Insimbi ngaphansi ngokuvamile iyi-carbon steel, eyaziwa ngamandla ayo kanye nokuguquguquka. I-zinc enamathelayo ibopha ngensimbi ensimbi, yenze indawo eqinile, ekwazi ukumelana nokugqwala. Le nhlanganisela yenza insimbi yama-galvanized ibe ukukhetha okuhle kakhulu kwezindawo ezichayeke kumswakama noma isimo sezulu esibi.

Ukusetshenziswa Okuvamile Nezicelo

Insimbi engaphekiwe isetshenziswa kabanzi ezimbonini eziningi ngenxa yokuqina kwayo nokungagqwali. Izicelo ezijwayelekile zifaka:

Ukwakhiwa : Imishayo yesakhiwo, uhlaka lwensimbi, amashidi okufulela, nothango.

Izimoto : Imizimba yezimoto, izingxenye ze-chassis, namasistimu e-exhaust.
Ezogesi : Amathreyi ekhebula nezivalo.
Ezolimo : Izisele zokusanhlamvu, uthango, nezinto zokuchelela.
Ingqalasizinda : Amabhuloho, izigxobo zokukhanyisa emgwaqweni, nezinsimbi zokuqapha.

Ikhono layo lokumelana nezimo zangaphandle liyenza intandokazi yawo womabili amaphrojekthi ezimboni nezindawo zokuhlala. Ukwengeza, izinsimbi ezithathiwe zivame ukusetshenziswa lapho ukuvikela okuhlala isikhathi eside kubalulekile kodwa ukunakekelwa kudinga ukuba kuncane.

Izinzuzo Zensimbi Eyisithako

Insimbi eyenziwe nge-galvanized inikeza izinzuzo eziningi, kufaka phakathi:

I-Corrosion Resistance: I-zinc enamathela ivimbela ukugqwala, inwebe impilo yensimbi.
Ukusebenza Kwezindleko: Ukunakekelwa okuphansi nokuhlala isikhathi eside kunciphisa izindleko zizonke.
Ukuqina: Imelana nokuklwebheka nokulimala ngokomzimba.
Ukuhlola kalula: Ukubukeka komfaniswano we-coating kusiza ukubona umonakalo kalula.
I-Versatility: Ifanele ukushiselwa, ukubunjwa, nokwenza.
Izinzuzo Zendawo Ezungezile: I-Zinc iyakwazi ukuphinda isetshenziswe futhi i-galvanizing kunciphisa isidingo sikapende ovikelayo.

Lezi zinzuzo zenza insimbi yama-galvanized ibe ukukhetha okusebenzayo kwamaphrojekthi adinga amandla nokuphila isikhathi eside ezindaweni eziyinselele.

Izinselelo Ekushiseleni Insimbi Eyisithako

Izinkinga Zokugqwala Nezimboze

Ukushisela insimbi enothayela kuletha izinselelo eziyingqayizivele ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokwembozwa kwe-zinc. Lokhu kunamathela kuvikela insimbi ekugqwaleni kodwa kufanele isuswe eduze nendawo yokushisela. Uma i-zinc ishiswa ngesikhathi sokushisela, iveza insimbi engenalutho, okuba sengozini yokugqwala. Ukuze kugcinwe ukumelana nokugqwala, indawo eshiselwe ngokuvamile idinga ukugaywa kabusha emva kokushisela.

I-zinc enamathela iphinde ibe nzima ukushisela ngokuphazamisa ukungena kwe-weld. I-Zinc iyahwamuka emazingeni okushisa aphansi kunensimbi, idala intuthu ye-zinc oxide futhi ibangele i-porosity noma inclusions ekushiseleni. Lawa maphutha enza buthaka ilunga futhi anciphise ubuqotho besakhiwo. Abashiseli abanekhono kufanele balungise ngokucophelela indawo engaphezulu ngokugaya i-zinc endaweni yokushisela ukuze bathuthukise ukungena kanye nekhwalithi yokushisela.

Izingozi Zezempilo Nokuphepha

Ukushisela insimbi enothayela kukhipha intuthu ye-zinc oxide, ebeka izingozi zempilo. Ukuhogela le ntuthu kungaholela ku-metal fume fever, ukugula okunjengomkhuhlane okunezimpawu ezifana nekhanda elibuhlungu, isicanucanu, imfiva, kanye nokugodola. Lezi zimpawu ngokuvamile ziyehla phakathi namahora angu-48 kodwa zingaba zimbi kakhulu uma ukuchayeka kuphezulu noma kunesikhathi eside.

Ukwengeza, izimbotshana ezifakwe uthayela zingaqukatha amanani omthofu, ahwamuka ngesikhathi sokushisela. Intuthu yomthofu inobuthi futhi ingabangela izinkinga zempilo zesikhathi eside, okuhlanganisa umdlavuza wamaphaphu nobuchopho kanye nokulimala kwesimiso sezinzwa. Izinyathelo ezifanele zokuphepha njengokugqoka izinsimbi zokuphefumula, ukusebenzisa amasistimu okungenisa umoya, kanye nokushisela ezindaweni ezivulekile noma ezinomoya omuhle kubalulekile ukuze kuvikelwe abashisela.

Izinselele Zempahla Nesakhiwo

I-zinc enamathela ithinta imingcele ye-welding kanye nomklamo ohlangene. Ukushona kokushisela kuyehla, kudinga izikhala ezinkulu zezimpande kanye namasu okushisela aguquliwe. Isibonelo, abashiseli bangase badinge ukunciphisa isivinini sokuhamba futhi balungise ama-engeli e-electrode ukuqinisekisa ukuhlangana okuphelele.

Ukwakheka kwe-spatter kuyanda lapho kushiselwa insimbi eyisithako, ikakhulukazi ngezingqimba eziqinile ze-zinc ezifana ne-hot-dip galvanizing. I-Spatter inganamathela phezulu, idale isiphetho esingabukeki futhi idinga ukuhlanzwa okwengeziwe. Ukusebenzisa ama-anti-spatter compounds ngaphambi kokushisela kusiza ukunciphisa le nkinga.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushisela insimbi eyakhiwe ngothayela ensimini noma ezakhiweni ezinkulu kungaba nzima ngoba ukususa okokunamathela ezindaweni eziningi zokushisela kudla isikhathi. Ngezinye izikhathi, ukushisela kufanele kuqhubeke ngaphandle kokususwa kwe-zinc, kusetshenziswa izinqubo ezikhethekile zokunciphisa amaphutha kanye nezingozi zezempilo.

Ithiphu: Hlala njalo ugaya i-zinc enamathela okungenani amayintshi angu-1 ukuya kwangu-4 endaweni yokushisela ukuze uthuthukise ukungena futhi unciphise intuthu ye-zinc eyingozi ngesikhathi sokushisela.

Ukulungiselela Welding

Izisetshenziswa Zokuphepha kanye Negiya

Ukushisela uthayela kudinga igiya elifanele lokuphepha ukuze kuvikelwe intuthu eyingozi. Gqoka njalo isigqoko sokushisela esinomthunzi ofanele ukuze uvikele amehlo akho ekukhanyeni okukhulu nezinhlansi. Sebenzisa amagilavu amelana nelangabi nejazi elinemikhono emide ukuze uvikele isikhumba ekushiseni nasemisebeni ye-ultraviolet. Ama-respirators noma imaski eklanyelwe ukuhlunga intuthu yensimbi ibalulekile ngoba i-zinc iyahwamuka ngesikhathi sokushisela, idale intuthu ye-zinc oxide eyingozi. Ezikhaleni ezivalekile noma ezingenawo umoya ohlanzekile, sebenzisa ama-air-purifying respirators (PAPR) noma iziphefumulo ezinikeziwe ukuze uvikeleke okwengeziwe. Ungakhohlwa amabhuzu aqinile avala amaqakala ukuze avikele ukulimala ngenxa yensimbi eshisayo noma izinhlansi.

Ukusethwa kwendawo yokusebenza kanye nokufaka umoya

Misa indawo yakho yokusebenza endaweni enomoya omuhle ukuze unciphise ukuhogela intuthu. Ukushisela ngaphandle noma amagumbi aneminyango evulekile namafasitela asebenza kahle kakhulu. Uma ungaphakathi endlini, sebenzisa izifeni ezikhipha umoya noma izikhiphi zomusi ukuze uthwebule futhi ususe intuthu emthonjeni. Zimise ukuze umoya noma ukugeleza komoya kuphephethe intuthu kude nendawo yakho yokuphefumula. Gwema ukushisela ezindaweni eziminyene, ezivalekile ezingenawo umoya owanele. Gcina izicishamlilo ziseduze futhi usule indawo yezinto ezivuthayo ukuze uvimbele izingozi zomlilo. Ukukhanyisa okuhle kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukushisela okunembile nezimo zokusebenza eziphephile.

Ukususa i-Zinc Coating Ezindaweni ze-Weld

Ngaphambi kokushisela, susa i-zinc enamathela endaweni yokushisela. I-Zinc iyancibilika futhi ihwamuke emazingeni okushisa aphansi kunensimbi, ibangele ukonakala kokushisela kanye nentuthu enobuthi. Sebenzisa i-angle grinder ene-flap disc noma ibhulashi locingo ukuze ugaye i-zinc enamathela okungenani amayintshi angu-1 ukuya kwangu-4 (2.5 kuya ku-10 cm) nhlangothi zombili zomugqa wokushisela. Lesi sinyathelo sithuthukisa ukungena kwe-weld futhi kunciphisa i-porosity. Kwezinye izimo, ukushisa noma ukusunduza i-zinc coating kungasebenza, kodwa ukugaya kukhethwa ukuze kube nokulawula okungcono kanye nezindawo ezihlanzekile. Ngemva kokugaya, hlanza indawo ukuze ususe uthuli nemfucumfucu. Ukususwa kwe-zinc ngendlela efanele kusiza ukudala amashisela aqinile, ahlanzekile futhi kwehlisa izingozi zempilo.

Amasu okushisela Ensimbi Ephekiwe

Ukushisela insimbi ebinatha kudinga amasu akhethekile okuphatha i-zinc coating nokuqinisekisa ukushisela okuqinile, okuhlanzekile. Nazi izindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokushisela kanye namathiphu ngakunye:

I-Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)

Ebizwa nangokuthi i-MIG welding, i-GMAW isebenza kahle ensimbi ezacile (ngaphansi kwe-intshi engu-1/2). Izivinini zokushisela zidinga ukwehliswa ukuze ziyeke zishise ngaphambi kwechibi lokushisela. Ukwandisa i-electrode yamanje kusiza ukushisa izingqimba eziqinile ze-zinc.

I-Zinc inciphisa ukungena kwe-weld, ngakho-ke ekushiseleni kwezinqe, sebenzisa izikhala ezinkulu zezimpande kanye nokunyakaza kwethoshi ehlangothini kuya eceleni ukuze kuhlanganiswe okungaguquki. I-Spatter iyanda ngokuqina kwe-zinc, ikakhulukazi ensimbini efakwe emanzini ashisayo. Ukusebenzisa inhlanganisela ye-silicon- noma i-graphite-based anti-spatter ngaphambi kokushisela kusiza ukuxubha kwe-spatter kalula.

Ukusebenzisa i-argon-CO₂ yokuvikela ingxube yegesi kanye nokulungisa ukushisa nesivinini kukhiqiza i-weld ebushelelezi enokulahlekelwa okuncane kwe-zinc kanye ne-spatter.

Ishielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)

I-SMAW, noma i-stick welding, ifanela insimbi eqinile (ngaphezulu kuka-1/2 intshi). Njenge-GMAW, i-zinc inciphisa ukungena, ngakho-ke yandisa ukuvuleka kwezimpande. Yehlisa i-engeli ye-electrode ukusuka ku-70° evamile ukuya cishe ku-30°, kanye nesivinini sohambo esinensa. Sebenzisa ukunyakaza kokushaya emuva naphambili ukuze ushise i-zinc ngaphambi kokuba ubuhlalu obushisiwe bubumbe.

I-Spatter iyakhuphuka kodwa ngokuvamile akwanele ukudinga izifutho zokulwa nesipatha. Gwema ukwaluka noma amaphasi amaningi. Gcina ukushisa kuphansi ukuze uvikele ukunamathela okuseduze kodwa kwanele ukushisa i-zinc. Ubude be-arc obufushane buthuthukisa ukulawula futhi buvimbele amaphutha.

I-Oxyacetylene Welding

Le welding yokuhlanganisa isebenzisa ilangabi ukuhlanganisa insimbi. Kudinga isivinini sokuhamba esihamba kancane, ngakho ukushisa kuthinta indawo enkulu, kushise i-zinc ngaphezulu kwendawo. Hambisa i-filler rod uye phambili ukuze udale ama-weld e-ripple. Gwema ukucibilikisa ama-welds ngelangabi ngemuva kwalokho, njengoba kulimaza ukunamathela kwe-zinc.

I-Stud kanye ne-Rebar Welding

Ngokushisela i-stud kunsimbi ethathiwe, susa i-zinc ekugcineni nangaphezulu ukuze ugweme ukuxoshwa okunamandla okushisela okubangelwa ukuhwamuka kwe-zinc. Ukuze uthole i-rebar, i-welding ingenzeka ngaphandle kokususwa kwe-zinc, kodwa ukususa i-zinc ngaphakathi kwama-intshi angu-2 okuhlangene kuyakhethwa. Sebenzisa i-SMAW noma i-GMAW futhi ulungise iziphetho zebha ngokugaya noma ukusika ukuze uqinisekise izindawo ezihlanzekile zokuhlanganisa.

I-Friction kanye ne-Resistance Welding

I-friction welding idonsa kanzima ngezikhonkwane ezineziphetho eziyisicaba ku-galvanized steel layers ngoba izingqimba ze-zinc zisebenza njengezindawo ezingqubuzana kancane, zehlisa ukukhiqizwa kokushisa. Ukusebenzisa izikhonkwane ezicijile ezinethiphu engu-120° kuthuthukisa ukushisela. Ukuba khona kweZinc kwandisa isikhathi sokushisela.

I-Resistance welding ifanela insimbi ekhandisiwe ngaphansi kwe-intshi engu-1/4 ukujiya okunama-zinc alula. Izingubo eziwugqinsi zifushanisa ukuphila kwama-electrode futhi zidinga ukunakekelwa njalo kwama-electrode. I-Resistance welding ingaqhubeka ngaphandle kokususwa kwe-zinc futhi ibangele ukulimala okuncane kokunamathela.

Insimbi Eyisithako

Ukucatshangelwa kwe-Post-Welding

Ihlola Ikhwalithi Ye-Weld

Ngemva kokushisela insimbi, ukuhlola izinga lokushisela kubalulekile. Bheka ukukhubazeka okuvamile okufana ne-porosity, imifantu, noma ukuhlangana okungaphelele. I-zinc enamathela ingabangela i-porosity ngenxa ye-zinc vaporized eyenza amaphakethe egesi ku-weld. Sebenzisa ukuhlola okubonakalayo futhi, uma kudingeka, izindlela zokuhlola ezingalimazi njenge-ultrasonic noma ukuhlola kokungena kodayi ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ukushisela kuzwakala.

Hlola ubuhlalu bokushisela ukubona ukufana nokungena okungaguquki. Ukushisela okufanele kufanele kube bushelelezi futhi kungabi ne-spatter eyeqile noma ukusika. Ngenxa yokuthi insimbi ethathiwe ngokuvamile idinga izikhala ezinkulu zezimpande, qinisekisa ukuthi i-weld ingene ngokugcwele ekuhlanganyeleni. Noma yiziphi izindawo ezibuthakathaka zingaphazamisa ubuqotho besakhiwo kanye nokumelana nokugqwala.

Ukuvuselela kabusha Indawo Eshiselwe

Njengoba ukushisela kususa noma kulimaze ukunamathela kwe-zinc, ukuphinda kufakwe i-galvanizing indawo eshiselwe kubalulekile ukubuyisela ukuvikela ukugqwala. Ziningi izindlela ezikhona:

Cold Galvanizing Paint: Upende ocebile zinc ofakwe endaweni yokushisela. Kulula futhi kuyashesha kodwa kunikeza ukuvikeleka okuhlala isikhathi eside kunokushiswa kwe-hot-dip galvanizing.
I-Hot-Dip Galvanizing: Ukucwilisa yonke inhlangano ku-zinc encibilikisiwe. Lokhu kunikeza ukunamathela okuhlala isikhathi eside kodwa kungase kungasebenzi ezakhiweni ezinkulu noma ezihlanganisiwe.
I-Zinc Spraying (Thermal Spraying): Fafaza i-zinc encibilikisiwe endaweni yokushisela. Ihlinzeka ngokujiya ngopende kunopende futhi ifanele ukulungiswa kwensimu.

Khetha indlela ngokusekelwe kusayizi wephrojekthi, indawo, kanye nezindleko. Qinisekisa ukuthi indawo engaphezulu ihlanzekile futhi ayinazo izinto ezingcolisa umzimba ngaphambi kokufaka noma yikuphi ukwelashwa okuphinda ugaye ubisi. Lesi sinyathelo sisiza ukugcina isikhathi sokuphila nokumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi.

Ukunakekela Nokunakekela Ukuphila Isikhathi Eside

Ukugcina insimbi ebilisiwe kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwesikhathi eside. Landela lawa macebiso:

Ukuhlola Okuvamile: Hlola ukugqwala, ukubola kwe-coating, noma imifantu yokushisela. Ukutholwa kusenesikhathi kuvimbela ukulungisa okumba eqolo.
Gwema Ukuhlanza Okubi: Ukuhlanza kanzima kungasusa i-zinc patina evikelayo. Sebenzisa okokuhlanza okuthambile namabhulashi athambile.
Vikela Ezimweni Ezinzima: Ezindaweni ezigqwala kakhulu njengezindawo ezisogwini, hlambulula insimbi ngamanzi ahlanzekile ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze ukhiphe amadiphozithi kasawoti.
Vimbela Ukuthintana Nezinsimbi Ezingafani: Gwema ukuthintana ngokuqondile nezinsimbi ezifana nethusi noma ithusi, okungabangela ukugqwala kwe-galvanic.
Gcina Kahle: Gcina insimbi ewuthayela ezindaweni ezomile nezinomoya omuhle ukuze uvimbele ukunqwabelana komswakama.

Ukunakekelwa okufanele kwandisa impilo yensimbi ebilisiwe futhi kugcina ubuqotho be-weld.

Izinyathelo Zokuphepha kanye Nemikhuba Engcono Kakhulu

Ukuqonda I-Metal Fume Fever

Lapho ushisela insimbi, i-zinc enamathelayo iyahwamuka futhi yakhe intuthu ye-zinc oxide. Ukuhogela le ntuthu kungabangela i-metal fume fever, ukugula okufana nomkhuhlane. Izimpawu zihlanganisa ikhanda elibuhlungu, isicanucanu, imfiva, ukugodola, nokukhathala. Imvamisa, izimpawu zivela emahoreni ambalwa ngemuva kokuchayeka futhi zihlala amahora angama-48. Nakuba i-metal fume fever ingeyesikhashana, ukuchayeka okuphindaphindiwe noma okuphezulu kungaholela ezinkingeni zempilo ezimbi kakhulu. Kubalulekile ukunciphisa ukuhogela intuthu ngokusebenzisa izinyathelo ezifanele zokuphepha.

Amaphrothokholi Afanelekile Wokuqeqesha Nokuphepha

Ukuqeqeshwa okufanele kubalulekile kunoma ubani oshisela insimbi. Abashiseli kufanele baqonde izingozi nendlela yokuzivikela. Ukuqeqeshwa kuhlanganisa amasu okushisela alungile, ukuphatha okuphephile kwezinto, kanye nezinqubo eziphuthumayo. Kuhlanganisa nendlela yokusebenzisa impahla yokuzivikela yomuntu siqu (i-PPE) ngendlela efanele. Abashiseli kufanele bagcine ubuso nomzimba wabo kude nentuthu nezinhlansi. Kufanele bazimise ukuze umoya ugeleze usuke endaweni yabo yokuphefumula. Abaphathi kufanele basebenzise imithetho yokuphepha futhi baqinisekise ukuthi bonke abasebenzi balandela imigomo.

Abashiselayo kufanele bafake ama-respirators ekhwalithi ephezulu aklanyelwe ukuhlunga intuthu yensimbi. Amamaski othuli ajwayelekile awanikezi isivikelo esanele. Imishini yokuphefumula kufanele ilingane kahle futhi inakekelwe njalo. Enye i-PPE ihlanganisa izigqoko zokushisela ezinamalensi omthunzi afanelekile, amagilavu amelana nelangabi, amajakhethi, namabhuzu. Ukuvikela isikhumba emisebeni ye-UV kanye nezinhlansi kuvimbela ukusha nokulimala.

Ukuqinisekisa Ukungena komoya Okwanele

Ukungena komoya kubalulekile lapho ushisela insimbi. Intuthu yokushisela inqwabelana ngokushesha ezindaweni ezivalekile futhi ibe yingozi enkulu empilweni. Sebenza ezindaweni ezivulekile uma kungenzeka. Uma ungaphakathi endlini, sebenzisa amafeni e-exhaust noma amasistimu okukhipha intuthu ukuze ususe intuthu emthonjeni. I-exhaust ventilation yendawo ibamba intuthu ngaphambi kokuba isakazeke. Beka amafeni ukuze ukugeleza komoya kususe umusi endaweni yokuphefumula yomshiseli.

Ezikhaleni ezivalekile, sebenzisa ama-air-purifying respirators noma ama-powered air-purifying respirators (PAPR) ukuze uqinisekise umoya ohlanzekile wokuphefumula. Gwema ukushisela ezindaweni ezingenawo umoya opholile noma eziminyene. Njalo hlola imishini yokukhipha umoya ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi isebenza kahle. Ukungena komoya kahle futhi kunciphisa izingozi zomlilo ngokuhlakaza amagesi avuthayo.

Isiphetho

Ukushisela insimbi ebinatha kuhlanganisa ukuphatha i-zinc coatings, edinga amasu athile okuqinisekisa ikhwalithi nokuphepha. Ukulungiselela kahle, okuhlanganisa nokukhipha i-zinc ezindaweni zokushisela, kubalulekile. Izinyathelo zokuphepha, njengokusebenzisa imishini yokuphefumula kanye nokuqinisekisa ukungena komoya, zivikela entubeni eyingozi. Abashiseli abanekhono kufanele balungise imingcele ukuze banxephezele imiphumela ye-zinc. Ukuphinda kufakwe amagalani izindawo ezishiselwe kubuyisela ukumelana nokugqwala. I-Sino Steel inikeza insimbi yekhwalithi ephezulu, egcizelela ukuqina nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko, okuyenza ilungele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene. Imikhiqizo yabo inikeza inani elihlala njalo ezindaweni eziyinselele.