Amashiti okufulela ngesinyithi, aqhele ukubizwa ngokuba ngamashiti okuphahla, abe lukhetho olukhethiweyo kuzo zombini izakhiwo zokuhlala kunye nezorhwebo ngenxa yokuqina kwazo okugqwesileyo, isibheno sobuhle, kunye nobomi benkonzo ende. Xa kuthelekiswa nezinto zophahla zemveli ezifana ne-asphalt shingles okanye iithayile zodongwe, amacwecwe esinyithi anikezela ukuchasana okuphezulu kwimozulu egqithileyo, ukubola, umlilo kunye noxinzelelo lomatshini. Isakhiwo sabo esikhaphukhaphu kodwa esomeleleyo sivumela ukufakwa lula kwaye kunciphisa umthwalo opheleleyo kwiziseko zokwakha.
Nangona kunjalo, nangona amashiti okufulela entsimbi akumgangatho ophezulu anokusilela ukunikezela ngesakhono sawo esipheleleyo ukuba awafakwanga kakuhle. Ukufakela okungafanelekanga kunokukhokelela kuluhlu lweengxaki, kubandakanywa ukuvuza, umonakalo wesakhiwo, ukugqoka ngokukhawuleza, kunye nokunyuka kweendleko zokugcina. Kwezinye iimeko, iimpazamo ezincinci zokufakela zingabonakali ngokukhawuleza kodwa zingabangela imiba yexesha elide ephazamisa ukusebenza kophahla kunye nokhuseleko lwabahlali bezakhiwo.
Ukuqonda iingxaki zofakelo oluqhelekileyo kubalulekile kubanini bezakhiwo, abakhi bezakhiwo, kunye neekontraka. Ukuqaphela le migibe kunokuthintela ukulungiswa kweendleko, ukwandisa ixesha lokuphila kophahla, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba utyalo-mali lokuphahla lubonelela ngexabiso lexesha elide. La macandelo alandelayo anika iinkcukacha ngeyona miba ixhaphakileyo ekuhlangatyezwana nayo ngexesha lofakelo lwamaphepha ophahla, echaza oonobangela bazo, iziphumo ezinokuthi zibe kho, kwanokuba kutheni kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngononophelo.
Iingxaki zoFakelo oluqhelekileyo
Ingxaki 1: Ukubekwa kweFastener engalunganga
Enye yezona mpazamo zixhaphakileyo kwaye zonakalise kwi Ufakelo lweshiti lokuphahla aluchanekanga ukubekwa kwe-fastener. Iifasteners - ezifana nezikrufu, iibholiti, okanye izikhonkwane - zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubambeni amashiti ngokukhuselekileyo kwifreyim engaphantsi okanye i-purlins. Kwaneempazamo ezincinci ekubekweni kwazo, izithuba, okanye ekukhetheni kwazo zinokubeka esichengeni inkqubo yophahla.
Izibophelelo ezifakelweyo ngokungachanekanga zihlala zibandakanya imiba efana nokubeka izikrufu kufutshane kakhulu nemiphetho yamaphepha, ukusebenzisa iziqhoboshi ezinde kakhulu okanye ezimfutshane kakhulu, okanye ukusilela ukugcina isithuba esingaguqukiyo kwiiphaneli. Ezi ziphoso ezincinci zingakhokelela kwiziphumo ezibi kakhulu: iipaneli zinokukhululeka phantsi kwemimoya eqinile, amanzi angakwazi ukungena nge-micro-gaps, kwaye isakhiwo sophahla sinobuthakathaka ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Enye impazamo eqhelekileyo kukusebenzisa uhlobo olungalunganga lwe-fastener - umzekelo, izikhonkwane zokhuni kwisakhelo sesinyithi okanye i-fasteners eyenziwe ngezinto ezingahambelaniyo ezikhuthaza ukubola. Ukuqiniswa ngokugqithiseleyo kuyingozi ngokulinganayo, njengoko kunokuphazamisa i-sheet surface, ukutyumza iwasha, okanye konakalise iingubo zokukhusela, ukudala iindawo zokungena zokufuma. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuqiniswa ngaphantsi kunokubangela ukuba amashidi angcangcazele, akhulule, kwaye ekugqibeleni ahlukane phantsi koxinzelelo lwemozulu.
Olona thintelo lungcono kukuthobela ngokungqongqo izikhokelo zomenzi. Imveliso nganye yephepha lokuphahla iza neendawo ezicetyiswayo zokuqhobosha, uhlobo, kunye noseto lwetorque. Abafaki kufuneka basebenzise izixhobo ezilinganisiweyo ukufezekisa i-torque efanelekileyo kwaye bajonge ukulungelelaniswa rhoqo ngexesha lofakelo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuzinza komatshini kunye nokusebenza kwexesha elide lokungena kwamanzi.
Ingxaki yesi-2: Ukutsiba okanye ukuLayishwa phantsi okungafanelekanga
I-underlayment isebenza njengomaleko okhuselekileyo wophahla - umqobo othintela ukungena komswakama ngaphantsi kweepaneli zophahla. Nangona kunjalo, ukufakela okuninzi akuhambanga kakuhle kuba abafakeli banokutsiba eli nyathelo ngokupheleleyo okanye basilele ukulifaka ngokufanelekileyo.
Xa i-underlayment ishiywe, nayiphi na i-condensation okanye i-seape yamanzi engena ngokudibanisa okanye i-overlaps inokufikelela kumgangatho wophahla. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, oku kubangela ukubola kweenkuni, ukubola, ukukhula komngundo, kunye nokudodobala kwesakhiwo. Ufakelo lwangaphantsi olungafanelekanga lunokuba yingxaki - imibimbi, amaqamza omoya, okanye iindawo ezingalinganiyo zinokudala iipokotho zokubambisa amanzi, ezikhokelela ekuvuzeni nasekuwohlokeni ngokukhawuleza.
Isihluthulelo sokuphepha le miba silele ekukhethweni okuchanekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezisemgangathweni ophezulu. Kufuneka ibekwe mcaba, ngaphandle kwemibimbi, kwaye igqithe ngokufanelekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukugqunywa okupheleleyo. Ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo kufuneka inikwe kwiintlambo, iinduli, kunye namalungu apho ukuhamba kwamanzi kugxininiswe. Kwiindawo ezinemvula ephezulu okanye imithwalo yekhephu, i-premium membranes engenamanzi okanye i-synthetic underlayments inconywa kakhulu ukukhuselwa okongeziweyo.
Ingxaki yesi-3: Ukungahoyi IiMfuno zePitch yophahla
I-pitch yophahla, okanye i-angle ye-slope, yinto ebalulekileyo yoyilo emisela indlela ngokufanelekileyo kwamanzi kunye ne-debris echithwayo ukusuka phezulu. I-pitch enganzulwanga okanye ebalwe ngendlela engeyiyo yenye yezona mpazamo zokufakela ezingahoywanga xa ujongana namashidi okuphahla esinyithi.
Xa ithambeka lophahla lungonelanga, amanzi emvula awakwazi ukuthontsiza ngokufanelekileyo kwaye athande ukudibana phezu komhlaba. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, la manzi amileyo akhawulezisa ukubola, akhuthaze ukubunjwa kwe-algae, kwaye andisa umngcipheko wokuvuza ngemithungo okanye imingxuma yokuqinisa. Ukuqokelelana kwekhephu kunokwandisa ngakumbi ingxaki ngokongeza ubunzima obuninzi kunye nokubonakaliswa komswakama.
Uhlobo ngalunye lwephepha lokuphahla lunomgangatho ophantsi ocetywayo ngumenzi we-slope. Ukungaphumeleli ukuhlangabezana nale migaqo kuthetha ukuba uphahla aluzukusebenza njengoko bekucetyiwe. Ukuthintela iingxaki zokuhambisa amanzi, abafakeli kufuneka bahlale bebala i-pitch yophahla ngokuchanekileyo phambi kofakelo kwaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, yongeza izixhaso zesakhiwo okanye iimbrane ezikhethekileyo zokukhusela amanzi kwizicelo eziphantsi kwe-slope.
Ingxaki yesi-4: Ukufakela okuFanezayo okungafanelekanga
Ukudanyaza yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yayo nayiphi na inkqubo yokufulela - itywina iindawo ezisesichengeni ezinje ngokuhlangana, iinduli, iintlambo, kunye nokungena eluphahleni malunga neetshimini okanye iindawo zokuvula umoya. Ngelishwa, ukufakela okudanyazayo okungafanelekanga sesinye sezona zizathu zixhaphakileyo zokuvuza kwiinkqubo zamaphepha ophahla.
Iimpazamo zihlala zibandakanya ukusebenzisa uhlobo olungalunganga lwezinto ezidanyazayo, ukunganaki ukutywina imiphetho ngokufanelekileyo, okanye ukusika iikona xa udibanisa amacandelo. Ezi mpazamo zidala iindlela zokungena kwamanzi, ezikhokelela ekudlekeni, ukonakala kwe-insulation, kunye nokuvuza kwangaphakathi. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, ukufuma okubanjiweyo kunokubangela ukubola komthi kwaye kukhuthaze ukukhula komngundo.
Ufakelo olululo oludanyazayo lufuna umlinganiselo ochanekileyo, ukusika, nokutywinwa. Abafaki kufuneka basebenzise izinto ezihambelanayo kunye ne-roofing sheet metal ukukhusela i-galvanic corrosion - umzekelo, ukukhanya kwe-aluminium akufanele kuhlanganiswe nobhedu. Ukongezelela, yonke i-seams kunye namajoyina kufuneka atywinwe ngezitywina ezivunyiweyo kwaye zifakwe ngokwemigangatho yomenzi okanye yoshishino.
Ingxaki 5: Ukusebenzisa Izinto Ezingahambelaniyo
Impazamo engabonakaliyo kodwa eyonakalisayo kukuxuba izinto ezingahambelaniyo. Uninzi lwabafakeli luyijongela phantsi indlela iintsimbi ezahlukeneyo ezisebenzisana ngayo. Xa iintsimbi ezimbini ezingafaniyo zidibana, i-electrochemical reaction eyaziwa ngokuba yi-galvanic corrosion ingenzeka - ngakumbi xa kukho ukufuma.
Umzekelo, ukudibanisa amashiti entsimbi anentsimbi edanyazayo okanye iziqhoboshi ze-aluminiyam kunokubangela ukuba enye yesinyithi idle ngokukhawuleza. Ngokufanayo, ukusebenzisa iingubo ezingahambelaniyo, i-adhesives, okanye i-sealants inokonakalisa ukuphela kokukhusela kwephepha lokuphahla. Isiphumo sisiba ngumhlwa, ukujika kombala, kunye nokuncipha kakhulu kobomi bophahla.
Ukunqanda oku kungahambelani kweekhemikhali, abafakeli kufuneka bahlale bebhekisa kumaxwebhu omenzi kwizinto ezivunyiweyo. Yonke icandelo - ukusuka kwi-fasteners kunye ne-sealants ukuya kwi-insulation layers - kufuneka ikhethwe ngokusekelwe kwintsebenziswano eqinisekisiweyo. Ukuthatha le ngqalelo kuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwesakhiwo kunye nokugcina isibheno esibonakalayo sophahla.
Ingxaki yesi-6: Ukungahoyi Ukwandiswa kweThermal
Amashiti okufulela ngesinyithi ayanda kwaye ancipha njengoko amaqondo obushushu eguquguquka imini yonke namaxesha onyaka. Ukungahoyi le nto yendalo ngexesha lofakelo yiphutha elibalulekileyo elingakhokelela kuxinzelelo lwesakhiwo kunye nomonakalo ongaphambi kwexesha.
Xa ulwandiso lwe-thermal lungabalwanga ngokufanelekileyo, amashiti okuphahla anokuthi ajike, abophe, okanye akhuphe kude kwi-fasteners. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, le ntshukumo inokudala izithuba kwi-seams, i-screws ekhululekile, okanye iipaneli eziphazamisayo, ezivumela ukungena kwamanzi kunye nomonakalo womoya.
Indlela echanekileyo kukuyila ufakelo oluvumela ukuhamba kwe-thermal. Oku kubandakanya ukubonelela ngezithuba zokwandiswa phakathi kweephaneli, ukusebenzisa i-fasteners eguquguqukayo okanye iziqeshana ze-sliding, kunye nokulandela iinkcukacha zomvelisi kwimida yobude bephaneli. Ezinye iisistim zale mihla zide zibe nemingxuma eyakhelweyo ngaphakathi okanye intshukumo ye-thermal yokunciphisa lo mngcipheko. Ukutshekishwa rhoqo kokugcinwa kukwacetyiswa ukuqinisekisa ukuba iziqhoboshi zihlala zikhuselekile kwaye intshukumo ihlala ingathintelwa.
Ingxaki yesi-7: Ukuphathwa ngendlela engafanelekanga kunye noGcino
Kwanangaphambi kokuba ukufakela kuqale, ukuphathwa kakubi kunye nokugcinwa okungafanelekanga kwamaphepha okuphahla kunokukhokelela kwimicimbi yokusebenza kwexesha elide. Iipaneli zentsimbi zinokubonakala zomelele, kodwa zisesichengeni sokonakala komphezulu, izibonda, kunye nemikrwelo ukuba aziphathwa ngononophelo.
Ukutsala iiphaneli kwindawo ezirhabaxa, ukupakisha ngokungalinganiyo, okanye ukuzibeka esichengeni semvula nokufuma phambi kofakelo konke oko kunokubangela umhlwa okanye amabala. Xa iingubo zogqume zisesichengeni, umhlwa ungakhula ngokukhawuleza, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezifumileyo okanye eziselunxwemeni.
Ukuthintela oku, ama-roofing sheets kufuneka ahlale egcinwe kwiindawo ezisemgangathweni, eziphakanyiswe phantsi, kwaye zigqunywe ukukhusela ukufuma kunye nokungcola. Ngexesha lokuthuthwa, amashiti kufuneka akhuselwe ukuphepha ukushukuma okanye ukukhuhlana omnye komnye. Abasebenzi kufuneka baziphathe ngeeglavu ezicocekileyo kwaye baphephe ukubeka izixhobo ezinzima okanye izixhobo phezu kwezitaki.
Ingxaki yesi-8: Ulungelelwaniso olungeluhle kunye nokuThintelana
Ukulungelelaniswa kunye nokugqithelana yimiba ebalulekileyo yokusebenza kophahla kunye nokuhambelana okubonakalayo. Amashiti angalungelelaniswanga kakuhle angakhokelela ekuhambeni kwamanzi okungalinganiyo, izithuba, kunye nemigca yephahla engabonakaliyo. Ukunganelelana okungonelanga phakathi kwamashiti okanye ecaleni kwemiqolo ngunobangela omkhulu wokuvuza, ngakumbi phantsi kwemvula eqhutywa ngumoya.
Xa ukuwelana kumfutshane kakhulu, intshukumo ye-capillary inokutsalela amanzi ukuya phezulu ukuya kwimithungo. Ngokunjalo, amashiti angalungiswanga kakuhle angashiya izithuba ezivelileyo ezenza buthathaka ukuxhathisa umoya kunye nokuzinza kophahla ngokubanzi. Nokuba ulungelelwaniso oluncinci luqokelelana kuphahla olukhulu, ludala ukusebenza okukhulu kunye nemiba yobuhle.
Ukuqinisekisa ukulungelelaniswa okufanelekileyo kubandakanya ukusebenzisa imigca yetshokhwe okanye izikhokelo zelaser ngexesha lofakelo. Imilinganiselo yokuthelelanisa kufuneka ilandele ngokungqongqo imilinganiselo yomenzi - ngokuqhelekileyo ubuncinane bomqolo ogcweleyo okanye i-corrugation, ngokuxhomekeke kudidi lwendawo yolawulo. Ukunyamekela ngokulungelelanisa ngexesha lofakelo kuya kusindisa ukulungiswa kweendleko kwixesha elizayo.
Ingxaki yesi-9: UkuNcitshiswa kweFastener enganelanga
Ukuqiniswa kweziqhoboshi ngokuchanekileyo kunokuvakala kulula, kodwa yenye yezona zinto zingacingelwanga kakhulu zofakelo lwamaphepha ophahla. Xa izibophelelo ziqiniswe ngaphantsi, iiphaneli zinokuphakama ngexesha lomoya onamandla, ezibangela ingxolo yokungcangcazela kunye nokuvuza okunokwenzeka. Ukuqiniswa ngokugqithiseleyo, nangona kunjalo, kunokuqhawula imicu, kugqwethe i-sheet, kunye nokonakalisa i-washers, ukubeka esichengeni isitywina esingenamanzi.
Zomibini ezigqithiseleyo zinganciphisa ubomi bophahla kwaye zikhokelele kwimingeni yokugcina. Isitshixo kukuphumeza i-torque engaguqukiyo, ephakathi - iqinile ngokwaneleyo ukuba ibambe iphepha ngokuqinileyo ngaphandle kokulityumza. Abafakeli kufuneka basebenzise iidrili ezilawulwa yitorque okanye abaqhubi abalungelelanisiweyo ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka. Ukuhlolwa kwamaxesha athile nako kuyacetyiswa, njengoko izibophelelo zinokukhululeka ngokuhamba kwexesha ngenxa yokungcangcazela kunye nokunyakaza kwe-thermal.
Ukuqukumbela
Ukufakwa ngokufanelekileyo kwamaphepha okuphahla kubaluleke kakhulu njengoko ukhetha izinto eziphezulu. Ukuphepha iingxaki zokufakela eziqhelekileyo ezifana nokubekwa kwe-fastener engafanelekanga, ukulayishwa okungafanelekanga, ukungahoywa kwe-pitch yophahla, kunye nokutyeshela ukwanda kwe-thermal kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwexesha elide lophahla, kuthintela ukuvuza, kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokugcina.
Ngokuqonda le miba ixhaphakileyo, abanini bezakhiwo, abayili bezakhiwo, kunye neekontraka banokuthatha amanyathelo asebenzayo ukukhusela utyalo-mali lwabo lokuphahla. Ukusebenzisana nabavelisi abahloniphekileyo, abafana ne-Shandong Sino Steel Co., Ltd, iqinisekisa ukufikelela kumaphepha ophahla akumgangatho ophezulu kunye nenkxaso yobugcisa, inceda ukuphumeza ukufakelwa kophahla oluthembekileyo, oluhlala ixesha elide, kunye nobuhle obukholisayo.
Ingqwalasela enononophelo ekuphatheni izinto eziphathekayo, ukulungelelaniswa, ukuhambelana, kunye nezikhokelo zomenzi ziya kuvumela amashiti akho okuphahla esinyithi ukubonelela amashumi eminyaka okhuseleko, amandla okusebenza kunye noxolo lwengqondo, ukwenza utyalo-mali lwakho lokuphahla luxabiseke.
