Kpɔkplɔyiɖeme
Didi be woade dzesi ga sesẽtɔwo kekeake nye nusi ʋã mɔ̃ɖaŋununya ƒe ŋgɔyiyi le dɔwɔƒe vovovowo me. Tso yamenutomemɔ̃ɖaŋununya dzi va ɖo xɔtutu dzi la, ga ƒe ŋusẽe afia alesi wòsɔ na dɔ veviwo wɔwɔ. Le numekuku blibo sia me la, míeku nu me le ga sesẽ atɔ̃ siwo ŋu dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya nya le wu la ŋu, míedzroa woƒe nɔnɔmewo, wo zazã, kple dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe gɔmeɖose siwo kpena ɖe woƒe ŋusẽ tɔxɛa ŋu me.
Nusiwo naa ga ƒe ŋusẽ gɔmesese le vevie ŋutɔ na ŋutilãmenunyalawo kple mɔ̃ɖaŋudɔwɔlawo. Nu siawo dometɔ aɖewoe nye atɔm ƒe wɔwɔme, kadodo, kple akɔbli ƒe anyinɔnɔ. Gawo abe gakpo ene nɔ ŋgɔgbe le woƒe nɔnɔme siwo woate ŋu azã le mɔ vovovowo nu ta. Vevietɔ, . Ga ƒe tɔtrɔ sesẽwo trɔ asi le egbegbe mɔ̃ɖaŋununya ŋu to ŋusẽ, ductility, kple gazazã ƒe ŋutete ƒe dadasɔ me.
1. Tungsten .
Tungsten xɔ ŋkɔ le esi dzɔdzɔme ga ɖesiaɖe ƒe tensile ŋusẽ le wu ta, si nye ŋusẽ si hiã be woatsɔ ahe nane vaseɖe afisi wògbãna le. Esi wònye be tensile strength si ade megapascals (MPA) la, Tungsten nɔa anyi didina ŋutɔ. Eƒe ʋeʋẽ lilili kple eƒe ʋeʋẽ lilili si sɔ gbɔ na wònyo na dɔwɔwɔ le elektrik, asrafowo, kple yamenutome dɔwɔƒewo.
Ga la ƒe nɔnɔme tɔxɛwo tso eƒe atɔm ƒe wɔwɔme kple ga ƒe kadodo sesẽ siwo le eƒe atɔmwo dome gbɔ. Tungsten ƒe ŋutete be wòanɔ te ɖe dzoxɔxɔ si gbɔ eme nu evɔ womatrɔ asi le eŋu vevie o la na wòxɔ asi na akpa vovovoawo abe rocket engine nozzles kple projectiles siwo zɔna kabakaba ene.
2. Ga .
Ga nye ga si wotsɔ wɔa gayibɔ kple carbon koŋ. Carbon kple nu bubuwo abe chromium, nickel, kple manganese tsɔtsɔ kpe ɖe eŋu nana eƒe ŋusẽ kple eƒe anyinɔnɔ nɔa anyi didina wu. Le eƒe wɔwɔme kple eƒe atikewɔwɔ nu la, gakpo ate ŋu aɖe ŋusẽ kple ductilities vovovowo afia. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, gakpo sesẽ siwo to vovo abe gakpo si me carbon sɔ gbɔ ɖo ene le dɔwɔnu siwo wotsɔ lãa nu kple tsidzɔƒewo me le woƒe sesẽme ta. Wozãa
Alesi gakpowo te ŋu wɔa nu vovovowoe la na wònye dzogoedzikpe le xɔtutu kple ewɔwɔ me. Nu yeye siwo wowɔ le gakpo wɔwɔ me, abe dzoxɔxɔ-mɔ̃ɖaŋudɔwɔwɔ kple micro-alloying ene, na be wowɔ gakpo siwo ŋu ŋusẽ le ŋutɔ, siwo me wodea gasɔwoe o (HSLA) siwo naa mɔ̃ɖaŋununya ƒe nɔnɔme siwo wodo ŋusẽe evɔ womedzia kpekpeme ɖe edzi boo o.
3. chromium .
Wonya chromium ɖe eƒe sesẽ kple tsitretsitsi ɖe xɔxlɔ̃ ŋu ta. Esi MOHS ƒe sesẽme nye 8.5 ta la, Chromium nye ga sesẽtɔwo dometɔ ɖeka. Wozãnɛ zi geɖe tsɔ ƒoa ga bubuwoe be woatsɔ akpɔ wo ta eye woƒe dzedzeme nanyo ɖe edzi. Wozãa Chromium ƒe ŋusẽ le gakpo si mexɔ dzo o wɔwɔ me, afisi wòdzia akɔbli la ƒe tsitretsitsi ɖe oxidation kple ɖiƒoƒo ŋu ɖe edzi le.
chromium tsɔtsɔ kpe ɖe gakpo ŋu, si zi geɖe la, 10.5% ya teti le agbɔsɔsɔ me, wɔa oxide ƒe ƒuƒoƒo sue aɖe ɖe gakpoa dzi, si xea mɔ na xɔxlɔ̃ ɖe edzi—si nye nɔnɔme si woyɔna be passivation. Esia na be gakpo siwo mexɔ dzo o le vevie ŋutɔ le nuto siwo me wòhiã be ŋusẽ kple nusiwo gblẽa nu le ame ŋu siaa nate ŋu anɔ te ɖo, abe le atikewɔnuwo kple atikewɔnuwo me ene.
4. Titanium .
Wodea asixɔxɔ titanium ŋu le eƒe ŋusẽ kple kpekpeme ƒe sɔsɔme si le kɔkɔm kple eƒe xɔxlɔ̃ ƒe tsitretsitsi nyuie ta. Togbɔ be mesẽ abe tungsten ene o hã la, titanium alloys ate ŋu akpɔ tensile strengths le 830 MPa kple 2,070 MPa dome, le alloy kple dɔwɔwɔ ƒe mɔnuwo nu. Titanium ƒe ʋeʋẽ si mebɔ o na wòsɔ nyuie na yamenutomeyimɔ̃wo zazã le afisiwo kpekpeme dzi ɖeɖe kpɔtɔ le vevie.
Atikewɔmɔnu siwo wozãna hã ɖea vi tso Titanium ƒe biocompatibility me. Alesi wòte ŋu nɔa te ɖe ŋutilã me tsiwo nu la na wòsɔ na amekoko ƒe nusiwo wotsɔ dea ame me kple ametia ƒe akpa aɖewo. Yamenutome Dɔwɔƒea zãa titanium le jet mɔ̃wo, yaƒoƒomɔ̃wo, kple yamenutomeyimɔ̃wo me le ŋutete si le esi be wòanɔ te ɖe nuteɖeamedzi kple dzoxɔxɔ gãwo nu ta.
5. Inconel .
Inconel nye superalloys siwo le nickel-chromium ƒe ƒome. Wonya be woƒe ŋutete be woalé ŋusẽ ɖe te eye woatsi tre ɖe xɔxlɔ̃ ŋu le dzoxɔxɔ si nu sẽ ŋutɔ me ta la, inconel-kpewo le vevie ŋutɔ le mɔ̃ɖaŋununya ƒe nɔnɔme siwo me wowɔa dɔ nyuie le me. Esi woƒe tenɔnɔ ƒe ŋusẽ wu 1,000 MPa ta la, wozãa wo le dɔ siwo wowɔna abe turbine blades, rocket engines, kple nuclear reactors ene me.
Inconel ƒe kpememe tɔxɛa tsoa ŋutete si le wo si be woawɔ oxide layer si le ʋeʋẽm, si li ke, le dzoxɔxɔ gã me la gbɔ. Layer sia kpɔa nusi wotsɔ wɔe ta be wòagadze ame dzi o, si wɔe be inconel sɔ na nɔnɔme siwo bia nu geɖe wu siwo me wòhiã be dzoxɔxɔ ƒe tsitretsitsi kple mɔ̃ ƒe ŋusẽ siaa nanɔ.
Gaawo me dzodzro tsɔtsɔ sɔ kple wo nɔewo .
Ne wotsɔ ga siawo sɔ kple wo nɔewo la, ele vevie be woabu menye woƒe tensile strength koe ŋu o, ke boŋ mɔ̃ɖaŋununya ƒe nɔnɔme bubuwo abe sesẽ, ductility, kple ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi ƒe tsitretsitsi hã ŋu. Tungsten, togbɔ be eƒe tensile strength kɔkɔtɔ kekeake le esi hã la, hã nyea nusi mebɔbɔna ŋutɔ o, si xea mɔ na eƒe zazã le dɔ siwo me wòhiã be woate ŋu atrɔ asi le nɔnɔmewo ŋu le me. Ga, vevietɔ . Ga si wotsɔ wɔa gae sesẽ , naa ŋusẽ kple ductility ƒe dadasɔ, si wɔe be woate ŋu azãe le afisiafi.
Chromium doa ga bubuwo ƒe nɔnɔmewo ɖe ŋgɔ to alloying, si kpena ɖe sesẽ kple corrosion resistance ŋu. Titanium ƒe ŋusẽ si le bɔbɔe la nye esi ɖeke mesɔ kplii o, gake eƒe asi si lolo wu ate ŋu anye nusi xea mɔ na ame. Inconel ƒe zazã etɔxɛe le nuto siwo gbɔ eme me la, esia taa eƒe gazazã le dɔbiagbalẽvi siwo me kpododonu menye tiatia o la me.
Dɔwɔwɔwo le egbegbe dɔwɔƒewo .
Yamenutome Kple Ametakpɔkpɔ .
Yamenutome dɔwɔƒewo biaa nusiwo ate ŋu anɔ te ɖe nuteɖeamedzi kple dzoxɔxɔ gãwo nu. Wozãa titanium kple inconel geɖe le yameʋuwo, mɔ̃wo, kple tu siwo wotsɔna ƒoa tue me. Nusiwo wozãna le nu siawo me ƒe asi gã la to woƒe dɔwɔwɔ kple agbenɔƒe didi le dɔwɔwɔ me dzi.
Ŋgɔyiyi siwo wowɔ le gaŋutinunya me na woto gakpo siwo ŋu ŋusẽ le ŋutɔ vɛ, abe gakpo ene, siwo wozãna le tukpewo kple yamenutomenu bubuwo me. Ga siawo naa ŋusẽ kple sesẽ si de ŋgɔ wu ne wowɔ dzoxɔxɔdɔ aɖewo koŋ na wo vɔ.
Xɔtuɖaŋu kple xɔtuɖaŋuwo .
Ga gakpɔtɔ nye egbegbe xɔtutu ƒe megbeƒu. Eƒe zazã le xɔtutu ƒe ɖoɖowo, tɔdzisasrãwo, kple xɔtuɖoɖowo me nye esiwo ɖeke mesɔ kplii o. Steel siwo ŋu ŋusẽ le ŋutɔ, siwo me wodea amii o ƒe wɔwɔ na xɔtuɖoɖowo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ nyo ɖe edzi esime wole nuwo zazã kple gazazãwo dzi ɖem kpɔtɔ.
Ga siwo te ŋu nɔa te ɖe xɔxlɔ̃ nu, abe gakpo siwo me yame ƒe nɔnɔme le ene, le nusiwo le abe chromium kple akɔbli ene me. Ga siawo wɔa gbeɖuɖɔ ƒe ƒuƒoƒo si kpɔa ame ta si ɖea nusiwo gblẽa nu le ame ŋu dzi kpɔtɔna, si wɔnɛ be xɔawo ƒe agbenɔƒe dzina ɖe edzi eye woɖea ga si wozãna ɖe wo ŋu dzi kpɔtɔna.
Ʋuwɔƒewo .
Alesi wole mɔ̃memi zazã nyuie ƒe sesẽe la na ʋuwɔƒewo ku nu me le nusiwo le bɔbɔe wu eye wosẽ ŋu wu ŋu. Ga siwo ŋu ŋusẽ le ŋutɔ kple titanium ƒe akpa aɖewo ɖea ʋu ƒe kpekpeme dzi kpɔtɔna evɔ womegblẽa nu le dedienɔnɔ ŋu o. Wozãa gakpo siwo wotsɔ wɔa nu geɖe le ʋuwo ƒe xɔtunuwo, mɔ̃a ƒe akpa aɖewo, kple dedienɔnɔ ƒe nɔnɔmewo abe agbalẽ xatsaxatsawo ene me.
Ga siwo ŋu ŋusẽ le ŋutɔ (AHSS) ɖea mɔ na aɖaŋuwɔlawo be woazã nusiwo le sue wu esime wole afɔku me. Esia wɔnɛ be ʋu siwo me ami le bɔbɔe wu eye woɖea ya si dona le yame dzi kpɔtɔna.
Ŋgɔyiyi siwo wowɔ le gaŋutinunya me .
Numekuku siwo le edzi yim le gaŋutinunya me yi edzi le ga ƒe ŋusẽ ƒe liƒowo tum ɖo. Aɖaŋuwo abe nanostructuring kple alloying si me anyigba ƒe akpa siwo mebɔ o le la na wova to ga siwo ƒe nɔnɔmewo medzɔ kpɔ o vɛ. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, numekulawo le gaku siwo wotsɔ ga wɔe, siwo ƒoa ga ƒe ŋusẽ kple ahuhɔ̃e ƒe asitɔtrɔ le woƒe atɔm ƒe wɔwɔme si me nɔnɔme mele o ta la me kum.
Nu bubu si ŋu wowɔa ŋgɔyiyi le enye nusiwo wotsɔ ƒo ƒui zazã, afisi wotsɔa gawo tsakana kple anyinuwo alo polymers tsɔ wɔa nusiwo ɖea ŋusẽ kple kpekpeme ƒe sɔsɔme si de ŋgɔ wu fiana kple tsitretsitsi ɖe nu ŋu ƒe tsitretsitsi. Woate ŋu azã nu siawo le yamenutome, ametakpɔnuwo, kple atikewɔƒewo.
Kuxiwo Kple Nusiwo Ŋu Nàbu .
Togbɔ be ga ƒe ŋusẽ nye nu vevi aɖe hã la, ele be mɔ̃ɖaŋudɔwɔlawo hã nabu nɔnɔme bubuwo abe mɔ̃ɖaŋununya, weldability, kple gazazã ŋu. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, Tungsten ƒe brittleness kple sesẽ le machining seɖoƒe eƒe zazã le afisiafi togbɔ be eƒe tensile ŋusẽ kɔkɔ. Nenema ke titanium kple inconel ƒe asi ate ŋu anye nusi ŋu woaxe mɔ ɖo na dɔ gãwo wɔwɔ.
Nutoa me ƒe nɔnɔmewo hã wɔa akpa aɖe. Ga siawo ɖeɖe kple wo ŋudɔwɔwɔ ate ŋu akpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe nutome dzi ŋutɔ. Adzɔha la le ŋgɔ yim ɖo ta nuwɔna siwo li tegbee wu gbɔ, siwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye nusiwo wogbugbɔ zãna kple green metalurgy ƒe dɔwɔwɔwo ƒe ŋgɔyiyi.
Etsɔme ƒe nukpɔsusu .
Ga sesẽwo ƒe etsɔme le numekuku kple ŋgɔyiyi siwo ayi edzi me. ŋgɔyiyi le nanotechnology kple ŋutilãmenuŋutinunya do ŋugbe ga yeyewo kple akɔbli siwo si nɔnɔme siwo wowɔ ɖe ɖoɖo nu le hena dɔ aɖewo koŋ wɔwɔ. Akɔntabubu ƒe kpɔɖeŋuwɔwɔ kple nunya wɔwɔe ƒe ɖekawɔwɔ le nu yeyewo didi kabakaba.
Wole nusiwo le abe graphene kple nu bubu siwo le akpa eve ene me kum le woƒe ŋusẽ kple elektrikŋusẽ ƒe nɔnɔme tɔxɛawo ta. Togbɔ be menye ga o hã la, woate ŋu atsɔ wo akpe ɖe ga ŋu atsɔ awɔ nusiwo wotsɔ wɔa nu vovovowoe siwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ nyo ɖe edzi.
Nyanuwuwuw
De dzesi ga sesẽ atɔ̃ siwo le ŋgɔ wu la te gbe ɖe ŋgɔyiyi wɔnuku siwo wowɔ le ŋutilãmenuwo kple mɔ̃ɖaŋununya me dzi. Gawo abe tungsten, gakpo, chromium, titanium, kple inconel ene dometɔ ɖesiaɖe kpena ɖe egbegbe mɔ̃ɖaŋununya ŋu etɔxɛe. akpa si . Womate ŋu aƒo nu tso gakpo sesẽwo ŋu wòagbɔ eme o, elabena enaa ŋusẽ, gazazã ƒe ŋutete, kple alesi woate ŋu azãe le mɔ vovovowo nu dana sɔna.
Esi dɔwɔƒewo le tɔtrɔm eye kuxi yeyewo le dodom la, nusiwo sesẽ wu, siwo le bɔbɔe wu, kple esiwo nɔa anyi didina wu ƒe didi ayi edzi anɔ dzidzim ɖe edzi. Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo kple mɔ̃ɖaŋudɔwɔlawo ƒe agbagbadzedze ɖekae le xexeame katã le mɔ ʋum na ga deŋgɔ siwo atrɔ asi le mɔ̃ɖaŋununya kple xɔtuɖaŋuwo ƒe etsɔme ŋu ƒe dzidzime si gbɔna.
