Intshayelelo
Ukufuna ukuchonga ezona ntsimbi zinamandla ibe yeyona nto iqhubela phambili kwinkqubela phambili yezobuchwepheshe kumashishini ahlukeneyo. Ukusuka kubunjineli be-aerospace ukuya kulwakhiwo, amandla esinyithi amisela ukufaneleka kwawo kwizicelo ezibalulekileyo. Kolu hlalutyo lubanzi, sigocagoca kwezona ntsimbi zintlanu zinamandla ezaziwa kwisayensi, sihlola iipropathi zazo, usetyenziso, kunye nemigaqo yenzululwazi enegalelo kumandla azo akhethekileyo.
Ukuqonda izinto ezinegalelo ekomeleleni kwentsimbi kubalulekile kwizazinzulu kunye neenjineli zezinto eziphathekayo. Ezi zinto ziquka ukwakheka kwe-athomu, ukudibanisa, kunye nobukho be-alloys. Izinyithi ezifana nentsimbi bezihamba phambili ngenxa yeempawu zazo eziguquguqukayo. Ukuthi ngqo, ezahlukeneyo zentsimbi eyomeleleyo ziye zaguqula ubunjineli bale mihla ngokunika ulungelelwaniso phakathi kwamandla, ukudumba, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweendleko.
1. ITungsten
I-Tungsten idume ngokuba nesona sixhobo siphezulu sokuqina kwayo nayiphi na intsimbi yendalo, engumlinganiselo wamandla afunekayo ukutsala into ide ifike kwindawo apho yophuka khona. Ngamandla okuqina amalunga ne-1,510 megapascals (MPa), i-tungsten yomelele ngokumangalisayo. Indawo yayo ephezulu yokunyibilika kunye noxinaniso luyenza ilungele ukusetyenziswa kumashishini ombane, emkhosini, nakwimizi-mveliso ye-aerospace.
Iimpawu ezikhethekileyo zentsimbi zibangelwa kukwakheka kweathom kunye neebhondi eziqinileyo zetsimbi phakathi kweeathom zayo. Ukukwazi kukaTungsten ukumelana namaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo ngaphandle koguquko olubalulekileyo kuyenza ixabiseke kumacandelo anje ngemilomo yeinjini yerokethi kunye neeprojekti ezinesantya esiphezulu.
2. Intsimbi
Intsimbi yi-alloy eyenziwe ngokuyinhloko yintsimbi kunye nekhabhoni. Ukongezwa kwekhabhoni kunye nezinye izinto ezifana ne-chromium, i-nickel, kunye ne-manganese iphakamisa amandla ayo kunye nokuqina. Ngokuxhomekeke ekubunjweni kwayo kunye nonyango, isinyithi sinokubonisa uluhlu olubanzi lwamandla kunye ne-ductilities. Njengokuba, iinguqu zensimbi ezinamandla ezifana ne-high-carbon steel zisetyenziselwa ukusika izixhobo kunye nemithombo ngenxa yobunzima bazo.
Ubuninzi bentsimbi buyenza ilitye lembombo ekwakhiweni nasekuveliseni. Ukuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha kwimveliso yensimbi, njengokucutshungulwa kwe-thermo-mechanical kunye ne-micro-alloying, kuye kwakhokelela kumandla aphezulu, i-low-alloy (HSLA) iintsimbi ezinikezela iipropati eziphuculweyo zomatshini ngaphandle kokunyuka okukhulu kobunzima.
3. Chromium
I-Chromium yaziwa ngobulukhuni bayo obuphezulu kunye nokumelana nokubola. Ngobulukhuni be-Mohs be-8.5, i-chromium yenye yezona zinyithi ezinzima. Ihlala isetyenziselwa ukucwenga ezinye iintsimbi ukuzikhusela nokuphucula inkangeleko yazo. Amandla eChromium asetyenziswa ekudalweni kwentsimbi engatyiwayo, apho anyusa ukuxhathisa kwealloyi kwi-oxidation kunye nokonakala.
Ukongezwa kwechromium kwintsimbi, ngokuqhelekileyo ubuncinci be-10.5% ngobunzima, kwenza umaleko obhityileyo we-oxide kumphezulu wentsimbi, ukuthintela ukubola okungaphezulu-ipropati eyaziwa ngokuba yi-passivation. Oku kwenza iintsimbi ezingenastainless ziyimfuneko kwiindawo apho zombini amandla kunye nokumelana nokubola kuyadingeka, njengakwizixhobo zokulungisa imichiza kunye nezixhobo zonyango.
4. I-Titanium
I-Titanium ixabiswa ngokomelela kwayo kubunzima obuphezulu kunye nokumelana nokugqwesa okugqwesileyo. Nangona ingenamandla njenge-tungsten, iialloyi ze-titanium zinokufikelela amandla okuqina phakathi kwe-830 MPa kunye ne-2,070 MPa, kuxhomekeke kwi-alloy kunye nobuchule bokucubungula. Uxinzelelo oluphantsi lwe-Titanium luyenza ilungele ukusetyenziswa kwe-aerospace apho ukonga ubunzima kubaluleke kakhulu.
Izicelo zonyango zikwaxhamla kwi-titanium biocompatibility. Ukuxhathisa kwayo kulwelo lomzimba kuyenza ilungele ukufakelwa kotyando kunye neprosthetics. Umzi-mveliso we-aerospace usebenzisa i-titanium kwiinjini zejethi, iifrimu zomoya, kunye neziphekepheke ngenxa yokukwazi ukumelana noxinzelelo oluphezulu namaqondo obushushu.
5. I-Inconline
I-Inconel lusapho lwe-nickel-chromium-based superalloys. Eyaziwa ngokuba namandla abo okugcina amandla kunye nokuxhathisa i-corrosion kumaqondo aphezulu kakhulu, i-Inconel alloys ibalulekile kwiindawo zobunjineli ezisebenza kakhulu. Ngamandla okuqina angaphezulu kwe-1,000 MPa, asetyenziswa kwizicelo ezifana neencakuba zeinjini yomoya, iinjini zerokethi, kunye nezixhobo zenyukliya.
Ukusebenza okungaqhelekanga kwe-Inconel alloys kubangelwa ukukwazi kwabo ukwenza umaleko oshinyeneyo, ozinzileyo we-passivating oxide kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Olu luhlu lukhusela izinto ekuhlaselweni ngakumbi, okwenza ukuba i-Inconel ifaneleke kwiindawo ezinzima kakhulu apho zombini ukumelana nobushushu kunye namandla omatshini afunekayo.
Uhlalutyo lokuthelekisa lwezinyithi
Xa uthelekisa ezi zinyithi, kubalulekile ukuba ungaqwalaseli kuphela amandla azo okuqina kodwa kunye nezinye iipropathi zoomatshini ezinjengobulukhuni, ubulukhuni, kunye nokuxhathisa impembelelo. I-Tungsten, ngelixa inamandla aphezulu okuqina, ibuye ibe brittle kakhulu, ethintela ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwizicelo apho kufuneka uguquko. Intsimbi, ngakumbi i-alloys yensimbi eqinile , inika ukulingana kwamandla kunye ne-ductility, okwenza ukuba isebenze ngokubanzi.
I-Chromium yongeza iipropathi zezinye iintsimbi ngokusebenzisa i-alloying, igalelo kubulukhuni kunye nokuxhathisa umhlwa. Amandla obunzima be-Titanium awanakuthelekiswa nanto, kodwa ixabiso layo eliphezulu linokuba sisithintelo. Ukusetyenziswa okukhethekileyo kwe-Inconel kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo kuthethelela iindleko zayo kwizicelo apho ukusilela kungenakuzikhethela.
Izicelo kuShishino lwale mihla
I-Aerospace kunye noKhuseleko
Ishishini le-aerospace lifuna izixhobo ezinokumelana noxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye namaqondo obushushu. I-Titanium kunye ne-Inconel zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiifreyimu zeenqwelomoya, iinjini kunye nemijukujelwa. Iindleko eziphezulu zezi zinto zichithwa ngokusebenza kwazo kunye nokuphila ixesha elide kwinkonzo.
Ukuqhubela phambili kwi-metallurgy kuye kwakhokelela ekuphuhliseni i-ultra-high-strength-strength steels, njengensimbi ye-maraging, esetyenziswa kwii-rocket casings kunye nezinye izinto ze-aerospace. Ezi zintsimbi zinika amandla aphezulu kunye nokuqina emva kokufumana unyango oluthile lobushushu.
Ulwakhiwo kunye neZiseko zoPhuhliso
Intsimbi iseyintsika yolwakhiwo lwangoku. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwiziseko zophuhliso, iibhulorho, kunye neeprojekthi zeziseko ezingundoqo akunakulinganiswa nanto. Uphuhliso lwamandla aphezulu, i-alloy alloy steels luphucule ukusebenza kwezakhiwo ngelixa kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezinto kunye neendleko.
Iintsimbi ezinganyangekiyo kwi-Corrosion, ezifana ne-weathering steels, ziqulethe izinto ezifana ne-chromium kunye nobhedu. Ezi ntsimbi zenza i-rust layer ekhuselayo enciphisa izinga lokubola, ukwandisa ubomi bezakhiwo kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokugcina.
Ushishino lweemoto
Ukutyhala ukusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha kukhokelele kwishishini leemoto ukuba liphonononge izinto ezikhaphukhaphu nezomeleleyo. Iintsimbi eziphezulu kunye nezixhobo ze-titanium zinciphisa ubunzima bezithuthi ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukhuseleko. I-alloys yensimbi isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiifreyimu zemoto, amacandelo e-injini, kunye neempawu zokhuseleko ezifana ne-roll cages.
Iintsimbi eziphezulu zokuqina okuphezulu (AHSS) zivumela abaqulunqi ukuba basebenzise izinto ezincinci ngelixa begcina ukuphahlazeka. Oku kubangela izithuthi ezikhaphukhaphu ezinoqoqosho olungcono lwamafutha kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo.
Ukuqhubela phambili kwiMetallurgy
Uphando oluqhubekayo kwi-metallurgy luyaqhubeka nokutyhala imida yamandla esinyithi. Ubuchwephesha obufana ne-nanostructuring kunye ne-alloying enezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zikhokelele kuphuhliso lweentsimbi ezineempawu ezingazange zibonwe ngaphambili. Ngokomzekelo, abaphandi baphanda iiglasi zetsimbi, ezidibanisa amandla esinyithi kunye nokuguquguquka kweglasi ngenxa yesakhiwo se-athom ye-amorphous.
Enye indawo yokuqhubela phambili kukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezidibeneyo, apho isinyithi zidibaniswe neekeramics okanye iipolymers ukwenza izinto ezibonisa umlinganiselo ophezulu wobunzima bobunzima kunye nokuxhathisa ukubola. Ezi zixhobo zinezicelo ezinokubakho kwi-aerospace, ukukhusela, kunye namashishini ezonyango.
Imingeni kunye neNgqwalasela
Ngelixa amandla entsimbi eyiyona nto ibalulekileyo, iinjineli kufuneka ziqwalasele ezinye iipropathi ezinje ngobuchule, ukuwelda kunye neendleko. Umzekelo, ukuqaqadeka kwe-tungsten kunye nobunzima bokwenza oomatshini kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngokubanzi ngaphandle kokuqina kwayo okuphezulu. Ngokufanayo, iindleko ze-titanium kunye ne-Inconel zinokuthintelwa kwizicelo ezinkulu.
Imiba yokusingqongileyo nayo inendima. Ukukhutshwa kunye nokulungiswa kwezi zinyithi kunokuba neempembelelo ezibalulekileyo zokusingqongileyo. Eli shishini liqhubela phambili kwizenzo ezizinzileyo, eziquka ukurisayikilishwa kunye nophuhliso lweenkqubo zesinyithi esiluhlaza.
Ikamva elizayo
Ikamva leentsimbi ezinamandla lilele kuphando oluqhubekayo nophuhliso. Ukuphumelela kwi-nanotechnology kunye nesayensi yezinto eziphathekayo zithembisa izinyithi ezintsha kunye ne-alloys ezinepropati ezilungiselelwe izicelo ezithile. Ukuhlanganiswa kwemodeli yokubala kunye nobukrelekrele bokwenziwa kukhawulezisa ukufunyanwa kwezinto ezintsha.
Iimathiriyeli ezifana negraphene kunye nezinye izinto ezine-dimensional ziphononongwa ngamandla azo akhethekileyo kunye neempawu zombane. Ngelixa zingezizo isinyithi, zinokudityaniswa nesinyithi ukwenza imidibaniso kunye nokusebenza okuphuculweyo.
Ukuqukumbela
Ukuchonga ezona ntsimbi zintlanu ziyomeleleyo ziqaqambisa inkqubela engakholelekiyo kwisayensi yezinto eziphathekayo kunye nobunjineli. Iintsimbi ezifana ne-tungsten, intsimbi, ichromium, i-titanium, kunye ne-Inconel nganye inegalelo elikhethekileyo kubuchwephesha bale mihla. Indima ye intsimbi eyomeleleyo ayinakugqithwa, njengoko ibonelela ngokulinganisela kwamandla, ukufikeleleka, kunye nokuguquguquka.
Njengoko amashishini eguquka kwaye kuvela imiceli mngeni emitsha, imfuno yezinto ezinamandla, ezikhaphukhaphu, kunye nezomelele ngakumbi ziya kuqhubeka ukukhula. Iinzame zentsebenziswano zenzululwazi kunye neenjineli kwihlabathi jikelele zivula indlela yesizukulwana esilandelayo sesinyithi esiphucukileyo esiya kubumba ikamva lobuchwephesha kunye neziseko zophuhliso.
