Intangiriro
Gushakisha kumenya ibyuma bikomeye byabaye imbaraga ziterambere mu ikoranabuhanga mu nganda zitandukanye. Kuva mu kirere cyubwubatsi kugeza mubwubatsi, imbaraga zicyuma zigena ibikwiye gukoreshwa mubikorwa bikomeye. Muri iri sesengura ryuzuye, twinjiye mu byuma bitanu byambere bikomeye bizwi na siyanse, dushakisha imiterere yabyo, imikoreshereze, n'amahame ya siyansi agira uruhare mu mbaraga zidasanzwe.
Gusobanukirwa ibintu bigira uruhare mubyuma byingirakamaro nibyingenzi kubashakashatsi naba injeniyeri. Ibi bintu birimo imiterere ya atome, guhuza, hamwe no kuvanga amavuta. Ibyuma nkibyuma byabaye ku isonga kubera imiterere yabyo itandukanye. By'umwihariko, ibyuma bikomeye byahinduye injeniyeri zigezweho zitanga uburinganire hagati yimbaraga, guhindagurika, no gukoresha neza.
1. Tungsten
Tungsten izwiho kuba ifite imbaraga zingana cyane z'icyuma icyo ari cyo cyose, kikaba ari igipimo cy'imbaraga zisabwa gukurura ikintu kugeza aho kimeneka. Hamwe n'imbaraga zingana na megapascal 1.510 (MPa), tungsten iraramba bidasanzwe. Ikibanza kinini cyo gushonga nubucucike bituma biba byiza mubikorwa byinganda zamashanyarazi, igisirikare, nindege.
Ibyuma bidasanzwe biraterwa nuburyo bwa atome nuburyo bukomeye bwa metero hagati ya atome zayo. Ubushobozi bwa Tungsten bwo guhangana nubushyuhe bukabije nta guhindagurika gukomeye butuma buha agaciro ibice nka moteri ya roketi nozzles yihuta.
2. Icyuma
Icyuma ni umusemburo ugizwe ahanini nicyuma na karubone. Kwiyongera kwa karubone nibindi bintu nka chromium, nikel, na manganese byongera imbaraga nigihe kirekire. Ukurikije ibiyigize no kuyivura, ibyuma birashobora kwerekana imbaraga nyinshi ningaruka. Kurugero, ibyuma bikomeye nkibi byuma bya karubone bikoreshwa mugukata ibikoresho n'amasoko kubera ubukana bwabo.
Ubwinshi bwibyuma butuma buba umusingi wubwubatsi ninganda. Udushya mu musaruro wibyuma, nko gutunganya imashini-mashini no gutunganya micro-alloying, byatumye ibyuma bikomera cyane, bitavanze cyane (HSLA) bitanga ibikoresho byubukanishi bitongerewe uburemere bukomeye.
3. Chromium
Chromium izwiho gukomera kwinshi no kurwanya ruswa. Hamwe na Mohs ikomeye ya 8.5, chromium nimwe mubyuma bikomeye. Bikunze gukoreshwa mugushiraho ibindi byuma kugirango ubirinde kandi binonosore isura. Imbaraga za Chromium zikoreshwa mugukora ibyuma bitagira umwanda, aho byongera imbaraga zo kurwanya amavuta ya okiside no kwanduza.
Kwiyongera kwa chromium mubyuma, mubisanzwe byibuze 10.5% kubwinshi, bigira urwego ruto rwa oxyde hejuru yicyuma, bikarinda kwangirika - umutungo uzwi nka passivation. Ibi bituma ibyuma bidafite ingese byingenzi mubidukikije aho hakenewe imbaraga ndetse no kurwanya ruswa, nko mubikoresho bitunganya imiti nibikoresho byubuvuzi.
4. Titanium
Titanium ihabwa agaciro kubera igipimo cyayo kinini-ku buremere no kurwanya ruswa. Nubwo idakomeye nka tungsten, amavuta ya titanium arashobora kugera ku mbaraga zingana hagati ya MPa 830 na MPa 2.070, bitewe nubuhanga bwo gutunganya no gutunganya. Ubucucike buke bwa Titanium butuma biba byiza mubikorwa byo mu kirere aho kuzigama ibiro ari ngombwa.
Gusaba ubuvuzi nabyo byungukirwa na biocompatibilité ya titanium. Kurwanya amazi yumubiri bituma bikenerwa no kubaga no kubaga prostate. Inganda zo mu kirere zikoresha titanium muri moteri yindege, indege, hamwe n’icyogajuru kubera ubushobozi bwayo bwo guhangana n’imihindagurikire n’ubushyuhe.
5. Inconel
Inconel ni umuryango wa nikel-chromium ishingiye kuri superalloys. Azwiho ubushobozi bwo gukomeza imbaraga no kurwanya ruswa ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru cyane, Inconel alloys ningirakamaro mubikorwa byubwubatsi bukomeye. Hamwe n'imbaraga zirenze MPa 1.000, zikoreshwa mubisabwa nka turbine blade, moteri ya roketi, na reaction za kirimbuzi.
Imikorere idasanzwe ya Inconel alloys ituruka kubushobozi bwabo bwo gukora igicucu cyinshi, gihamye cya paside ya oxyde yubushyuhe bwinshi. Uru rupapuro rurinda ibikoresho ibindi bitero, bigatuma Inconel ibera ahantu hasabwa cyane aho haba hakenewe ubushyuhe bwimbaraga nimbaraga za mashini.
Kugereranya Isesengura ryibyuma
Iyo ugereranije ibyo byuma, ni ngombwa gutekereza gusa ku mbaraga zabyo gusa ahubwo no ku zindi miterere yubukanishi nko gukomera, guhindagurika, no kurwanya ingaruka. Tungsten, nubwo ifite imbaraga zingana cyane, nayo iracika intege cyane, igabanya imikoreshereze yabyo aho bikenewe guhinduka. Icyuma, cyane ibyuma bikomeye bivanze, bitanga impirimbanyi zingufu no guhindagurika, bigatuma ikoreshwa cyane.
Chromium yongerera imiterere yandi mabuye binyuze mu kuvanga, igira uruhare mu gukomera no kurwanya ruswa. Imbaraga zoroheje za Titanium ntagereranywa, ariko igiciro cyayo kinini gishobora kuba imbogamizi. Gukoresha Inconel yihariye mubidukikije bikabije byerekana amafaranga yayo muri porogaramu aho gutsindwa atari amahitamo.
Porogaramu mu nganda zigezweho
Ikirere n'Ingabo
Inganda zo mu kirere zisaba ibikoresho bishobora kwihanganira imihangayiko myinshi n'ubushyuhe. Titanium na Inconel bikoreshwa cyane mumiterere yindege, moteri, na misile. Igiciro kinini cyibikoresho cyuzuzwa nimikorere yabo no kuramba muri serivisi.
Iterambere muri metallurgie ryatumye habaho iterambere ryibyuma-bikomeye cyane, nka maraging ibyuma, bikoreshwa mubisasu bya roketi nibindi bikoresho byo mu kirere. Ibyuma bitanga imbaraga nuburemere nyuma yo kuvurwa ubushyuhe bwihariye.
Ubwubatsi n'ibikorwa Remezo
Ibyuma bikomeza kuba inkingi yubwubatsi bugezweho. Imikoreshereze yacyo mu kubaka, ibiraro, n'imishinga remezo ntagereranywa. Iterambere ryimbaraga-ndende, ibyuma-bito-byoroheje byateje imbere imikorere yuburyo bugabanya imikoreshereze yibikoresho nibiciro.
Ibyuma birwanya ruswa, nk'ibyuma byo mu kirere, birimo ibintu nka chromium n'umuringa. Ibyo byuma bikora ingese ikingira igabanya igipimo cya ruswa, ikongerera ubuzima bwububiko kandi igabanya amafaranga yo kubungabunga.
Inganda zitwara ibinyabiziga
Gusunika ingufu za peteroli byatumye inganda zitwara ibinyabiziga zishakisha ibikoresho byoroshye kandi bikomeye. Ibyuma bikomeye cyane hamwe na titanium bigabanya uburemere bwibinyabiziga bitabangamiye umutekano. Amavuta avanze akoreshwa cyane mumiterere yimodoka, ibice bya moteri, nibiranga umutekano nkibizingo.
Amashanyarazi akomeye cyane (AHSS) yemerera abashushanya gukoresha ibikoresho byoroshye mugihe bakomeza impanuka. Ibi bivamo ibinyabiziga byoroheje bifite ubukungu bwiza bwa peteroli no kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya.
Iterambere muri Metallurgie
Ubushakashatsi bukomeje muri metallurgie bukomeje gusunika imipaka yimbaraga zicyuma. Ubuhanga nka nanostructuring hamwe no kuvanga nibintu bidasanzwe byisi byatumye habaho iterambere ryibyuma bifite ibintu bitigeze bibaho. Kurugero, abashakashatsi barimo gukora iperereza kubirahuri byuma, bihuza imbaraga zibyuma nubworoherane bwikirahure kubera imiterere ya atome ya amorphous.
Ikindi gice cyiterambere ni ugukoresha ibikoresho byinshi, aho ibyuma bihujwe nubutaka cyangwa polymers kugirango bikore ibikoresho byerekana imbaraga zirenze urugero-uburemere no kurwanya ruswa. Ibi bikoresho bifite ubushobozi bushobora gukoreshwa mu kirere, mu rwego rwo kwirinda, no mu nganda z’ubuvuzi.
Ibibazo n'ibitekerezo
Mugihe imbaraga zicyuma arikintu gikomeye, injeniyeri agomba no gutekereza kubindi bintu nka mashini, gusudira, nigiciro. Kurugero, ubwitonzi bwa tungsten hamwe ningorabahizi mu gutunganya bigabanya imikoreshereze yabyo nubwo ifite imbaraga nyinshi. Muri ubwo buryo, ikiguzi cya titanium na Inconel kirashobora kubuzwa kubisabwa binini.
Ibidukikije nabyo bigira uruhare. Gukuramo no gutunganya ibyo byuma birashobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye kubidukikije. Inganda zigenda zigana mubikorwa birambye, harimo gutunganya no guteza imbere icyatsi kibisi.
Ibizaza
Ejo hazaza h'ibyuma bikomeye biri mubushakashatsi bukomeje. Iterambere muri nanotehnologiya na siyansi yubumenyi isezeranya ibyuma bishya hamwe nudusimba hamwe nibintu byihariye bikoreshwa mubikorwa byihariye. Kwishyira hamwe muburyo bwo kubara hamwe nubwenge bwubuhanga byihutisha kuvumbura ibikoresho bishya.
Ibikoresho nka graphene nibindi bikoresho-bipimo bibiri birashakishwa kubera imbaraga zidasanzwe hamwe nubushobozi bwamashanyarazi. Mugihe atari ibyuma, birashobora guhuzwa nibyuma kugirango bikore hamwe nibikorwa byongerewe imbaraga.
Umwanzuro
Kumenya ibyuma bitanu byambere bikomeye byerekana iterambere ridasanzwe mubumenyi bwibikoresho nubuhanga. Ibyuma nka tungsten, ibyuma, chromium, titanium, na Inconel buri kimwe kigira uruhare rwihariye mubuhanga bugezweho. Uruhare rwa ibyuma bikomeye ntibishobora kuvugwa, kuko bitanga impirimbanyi zimbaraga, zihendutse, kandi zitandukanye.
Mugihe inganda zigenda ziyongera nibibazo bishya bivuka, icyifuzo cyibikoresho bikomeye, byoroheje, kandi biramba bizakomeza kwiyongera. Imbaraga zifatanije nabahanga naba injeniyeri kwisi yose zirimo guha inzira ibisekuruza bizaza byuma byateye imbere bizahindura ejo hazaza h’ikoranabuhanga n'ibikorwa remezo.
