Ukuqalisa
Ukufuna ukukhomba izinsimbi eziqine kakhulu kube yimikhosi yokushayela ngemuva kwentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene. Ukusuka Eerospace Engineering ekwakheni, amandla wensimbi anquma ukufaneleka kwawo kwezicelo ezibucayi. Kulokhu kuhlaziya okuphelele, singena ezinhlangothini ezinhlanu eziqine kakhulu ezaziwa ngesayensi, zihlola izakhiwo zazo, izinhlelo zokusebenza, kanye nemigomo yesayensi enomthelela emandleni abo ahlukile.
Ukuqonda izici ezibangela amandla ensimbi zibalulekile esosayensi kanye nonjiniyela. Lezi zinto zifaka isakhiwo se-athomu, ukubopha, kanye nokuba khona kwama-alloys. Izinsimbi ezinjengensimbi ziye zaphambili ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo eziguquguqukayo. Ngokuqondene, Izinhlobo zensimbi eziqinile ziguqule ubunjiniyela banamuhla ngokunikeza ibhalansi phakathi kwamandla, i-dectuty, kanye nokusebenza kwezindleko.
1. Tungsten
UTungsten udume ngokuba namandla aphezulu aphezulu wanoma iyiphi insimbi yemvelo, eyisilinganiso samandla adingekayo ukudonsa okuthile ephuzwini lapho kwephuka khona. Ngamandla ashubile acishe abe ngu-1,510 megapascass (MPA), iTungsten ihlala isikhathi eside kakhulu. Iphoyinti layo eliphakeme lokuncibilika nokuqina kwenza kube kuhle ngezicelo ezikugesi, ezempi nasezimbonini ze-aerospace.
Izakhiwo ezihlukile zensimbi zingenxa yesakhiwo sayo se-athomu kanye nezibopho eziqinile zensimbi phakathi kwama-athomu alo. Amandla kaTungsten wokumelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu ngaphandle kokungcola okubalulekile kwenza kube yigugu kwizakhi ezinjenge-rocket injini nozzles nama-projectiles aphezulu.
2. Steel
Insimbi iyi-alloy eyakhiwe ngokuyinhloko ngensimbi nekhabhoni. Ukungezwa kwekhabhoni nezinye izinto ezifana ne-chromium, i-nickel, no manganese kuthuthukisa amandla nokuqina kwayo. Ngokuya ngokwakheka kwayo nokwelashwa kwayo, insimbi ingabonisa amakhono ahlukahlukene kanye nama-dundise. Ngokwesibonelo, Izinhlobo zensimbi ezinamandla njengensimbi ephezulu yekhabhoni zisetshenziswa kumathuluzi okusika kanye namapheya ngenxa yobulukhuni babo.
Ukuguquguquka kwensimbi kwenza kube yitshe legumbi ekwakheni nasekukhiqizweni. Izinto ezintsha ekukhiqizeni insimbi, njengokucubungula okwenziwa yi-Thermo-arkeshini kanye ne-Micro-Alloy, kuholele emandleni aphezulu, ama-Low-Alloy (HSLA) ensimbi anikeza izakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe zomshini ngaphandle kokukhuphuka kwesisindo okuthuthukile.
3. Chromium
I-Chromium yaziwa ngobulukhuni bayo obuphezulu nokumelana nokugqwala. Ngobulukhuni be-mohts bango-8.5, i-chromium ingenye yezinsimbi ezinzima kunazo zonke. Kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlela ezinye izinsimbi ukuze zivikele futhi zithuthukise ukubukeka kwazo. Amandla kaChromium ahlanganiswa ekwakhiweni kwensimbi engenasici, lapho kwandisa ukumelana nokumelana kwe-alloy ku-oxidation kanye nokwenza izinwele.
Ukufakwa kwe-chromium kwensimbi, imvamisa okungenani i-10.5% ngesisindo, kwakha ungqimba oluncane lwe-oxide endaweni yensimbi, ukuvimbela ukuthuthuka okwengeziwe - impahla eyaziwa ngokuthi yiPhasika. Lokhu kwenza ama-steel angenasici abaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni lapho ukumelana khona namandla okugqwala kuyadingeka, njengakwimishini yokucubungula amakhemikhali namadivayisi wezokwelapha.
4. Titanium
I-Titanium ibaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yesilinganiso sayo esiphakeme sokuqina kwesisindo kanye nokuphikiswa okuhle kakhulu kokugqwala. Yize eqinile njengeTungsten, ama-alloys titanium angafinyelela amandla ashubile phakathi kuka-830 MPA no-2,070 MPA, kuya ngamasu we-alloy neyokucubungula. I-Titanium ephansi kaTitanium yenza kube kuhle ngezicelo ze-aerospace lapho ukulondolozwa kwesisindo kubucayi.
Izicelo zezokwelapha zizuze futhi ngokuqina kwe-titanium. Ukumelana kwayo ku-gquids womzimba kwenza kube lula ukufakwa kwezinsimbi kanye nezifo ezinhle kakhulu. Umkhakha we-Aerospace usebenzisa i-titanium e-jet enjini, ama-airframes, kanye ne-spacecraft ngenxa yekhono lawo lokubekezelela izingcindezi eziphakeme namazinga okushisa.
5. I-Inxote
UConfel ungumndeni wama-superlloys ase-nickel-chromium. Yaziwa ngekhono labo lokugcina amandla futhi limelane nokugqwala kwamazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu, ama-alloys we-Infolses asemqoka ezindaweni zobunjiniyela zokusebenza okuphezulu. Ngamandla ashubile adlula ama-000 000 ama-MPA, asetshenziswa kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezinjenge-turbine blade, izinjini ze-rocket, kanye nokuphendula kwenukliya.
Ukusebenza okuhlukile kwe-Incon Alloys iziqu ezivela emandleni abo ukwakha ungqimba olunamandla lwe-oxide ovuthayo emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Lesi sendlalelo sivikela lokho okuhlaselwa okuqhubekayo, okwenza ukungathathi kufanelekile ezindaweni ezifunwa kakhulu lapho ukumelana nokushisa okudingekayo.
Ukuqhathanisa kokuqhathanisa kwezinsimbi
Lapho uqhathanisa lezi zinsimbi, kubalulekile ukuthi ungacabangi kuphela amandla abo ashubile kodwa nakwezinye izakhiwo zemishini ezinjengobulukhuni, i-decticity, kanye nokumelana nomthelela. UTungsten, ngenkathi enamandla aphezulu kakhulu, futhi futhi liphuze kakhulu, elikhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwalo kuzinhlelo zokusebenza lapho kudingeka khona ukuguquguquka kwezicelo. Insimbi, ikakhulukazi Ama-alloys ensimbi aqinile , anikezela ngemali esele yamandla ne-dectility, okwenza kusebenze kabanzi.
I-Chromium ithuthukisa izakhiwo zezinye izinsimbi ngokusebenzisa i-alloying, ifaka isandla ebulukhuni nasekuphikeleleni ukuqina. Amandla angasindi kaTitanium angenakuqhathaniswa, kepha izindleko zalo eziphakeme zingaba yinto ekhawula. Ukusetshenziswa okukhethekile kwe-Incontel ezindaweni ezingejwayelekile kuthethelela izindleko zayo kuzinhlelo zokusebenza lapho ukwehluleka kungeyona inketho.
Izicelo ezimbonini zanamuhla
I-Aerospace and Defense
Imboni yase-Aerospace ifuna izinto ezingabekezelela izingcindezi eziphakeme namazinga okushisa. I-Titanium ne-Inconel zisetshenziswa kakhulu kumafreyimu wendiza, izinjini, kanye nemicibisholo. Izindleko eziphakeme zalezi zinto zokwakha zisuswe ukusebenza kwazo nokuphila isikhathi eside enkonzweni.
Intuthuko eMetallurgy iholele ekuthuthukisweni kwama-luntra anamandla aphezulu, njengensimbi yokulwa, esetshenziswa kuma-rocket ukuphathwa kanye nezinye izinto ze-aerospace. Lezi zinsimbi zinikeza amandla aphezulu nokuqina ngemuva kokuthola ukwelashwa okuthile okushisayo.
Ukwakha kanye nengqalasizinda
Insimbi ihlala ibuya emuva kokwakhiwa kwanamuhla. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo ezinhlaka zokwakha, amabhuloho, namaphrojekthi wengqalasizinda akunakuqhathaniswa. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla aphezulu, ama-all-alloy ensimbi athuthukise ukusebenza kwezakhiwo ngenkathi kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo nezindleko.
Izinsimbi ezingamelana nokungamelana ne-cororion, ezinjengensimbi yesimo sezulu, ziqukethe izinto ezifana ne-chromium nethusi. Lezi zinsimbi zakha ungqimba lokugqwala okuvikelayo onciphisa amanani okugqwala, ukunweba impilo yezakhiwo kanye nokunciphisa izindleko zokulungisa.
Imboni yezimoto
I-push yokusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli ihole imboni yezimoto ukuhlola izinto ezilula nezinamandla. Ama-Steel-Amandla Amandla nezakhi ze-titanium kunciphisa isisindo semoto ngaphandle kokuyekethisa ukuphepha. Ama-alloys ensimbi asetshenziswa kakhulu kumafreyimu wezimoto, izingxenye zenjini, nezinto zokuphepha ezifana namakheji ama-roll.
Izinsimbi ezinamandla aphezulu (AHSS) Vumela abaklami ukuthi basebenzise izinto ezinciphayo ngenkathi begcina ukuphazamiseka. Lokhu kuphumela ezimotweni ezilula ngomnotho ongcono kaphethiloli futhi kunciphise ukuphuma.
Intuthuko ngeMetallurgy
Ucwaningo oluqhubekayo eMetallurgy luyaqhubeka nokucindezela imingcele yamandla wensimbi. Amasu anjenge-nanosticuling kanye ne-alloy enezinto zomhlaba ezingandile ziholele ekuthuthukisweni kwezinsimbi ezinezindawo ezingakaze zibonwe. Isibonelo, abacwaningi baphenya izibuko zensimbi, ezihlanganisa amandla ezinsimbi ngokuguquguquka kwengilazi ngenxa yesakhiwo sabo se-atomic.
Enye indawo yentuthuko ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezihlanganisiwe, lapho izinsimbi zihlanganiswa nama-ceramics noma ama-polymers ukudala izinto zokwakha ezibonisa isilinganiso esiphakeme sokuqina kwesisindo kanye nokuphikiswa kokugqwala. Lezi zinto zokwenziwa zinezicelo ezingaba khona e-aerospace, ezokuvikela, kanye nezimboni zezokwelapha.
IZINSELELE NOKUFUNDA
Ngenkathi amandla ensimbi liyisici esibucayi, onjiniyela kumele futhi babheke nezinye izakhiwo ezinjengeziqhingi, ukunqotshwa kanye nezindleko. Isibonelo, ubunzima bukaTungsten nobunzima bokufaka imishini bunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwalo okubanzi naphezu kwamandla aphezulu aphezulu. Ngokufanayo, izindleko ze-titanium ne-inconel zingavikeleka ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezinkulu.
Izici zezemvelo nazo zidlala indima. Ukukhishwa nokucutshungulwa kwalezi zinsimbi kungaba nemithelela ebalulekile yemvelo. Umkhakha uqhubekela phambili emikhubeni eqhubekayo, kufaka phakathi ukuphinda usebenzise kabusha kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinqubo ze-metalluur green.
Umbono wesikhathi esizayo
Ikusasa lezinsimbi eziqinile lilele ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni. Ukuphumelela kwe-nanotechnology kanye nesayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo kuthembisa izinsimbi ezintsha nama-alloys anezakhiwo ezenziwe ngezicelo ezithile. Ukuhlanganiswa kwemodeli ye-computational kanye ne-intelligence yokufakelwa kusheshisa ukutholakala kwezinto ezintsha.
Izinto ezifana ne-graphene nezinye izinto ezinezici ezimbili zihlolisiswa ngamandla abo ahlukile kanye nezinto zikagesi. Yize kungeyona izinsimbi, zingahlanganiswa nezinsimbi ukudala izinhlanganisela ngokusebenza okuthuthukile.
Ukugcina
Ukuhlonza izinsimbi ezinhlanu ezinamandla kakhulu ziqokomisa intuthuko emangalisayo kwisayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nobunjiniyela. Izinsimbi ezinjengeTungsten, i-Steel, i-Chromium, iTitanium, kanye ne-Infolsel ngayinye inikela ngokuhlukile kubuchwepheshe besimanje. Indima ye Insimbi eqinile ayikwazi ukweqiwa ngokweqile, ngoba ihlinzeka ngemali esele, imali engenakufinyeleleka, kanye nokuguquguquka kwamanye amazwe.
Njengoba izimboni zivela futhi ziphakama izinselelo ezintsha, isidingo saba namandla, izilwane ezikhanyayo neziqina ngokwengeziwe zizoqhubeka zikhula. Imizamo yokubambisana yososayensi kanye nonjiniyela emhlabeni wonke ihamba ngendlela yesizukulwane esilandelayo sezinsimbi ezithuthukile ezizobumba ikusasa lobuchwepheshe nengqalasizinda.
