Ibyuma bidafite ingese ni uruvange rw'ibyuma n'ibindi byuma. Ifite byibura 10.5% ya chromium. Ibi bituma ikomera cyane kandi ikayifasha kurwanya imiti.
Ibyuma bidafite ingese ntabwo byangirika byoroshye. Irashobora gukoresha ubushyuhe neza. Kumara igihe kirekire kandi byoroshye guhorana isuku. Ibiranga gukora
ibyuma bidafite ingese nini yo kubaka ninganda.
Mu 2022, abantu bakoze toni zigera kuri miliyoni 55.3 za metero zicyuma. Mu 2023, isoko y'isi yari ifite agaciro ka miliyari 186.24 z'amadolari. Inganda nini zikoresha ni ubwubatsi, imodoka, ibicuruzwa byo mu rugo, ingufu, n'imashini.
Ibyuma bidafite ingese birakomeye kandi birashobora gukoreshwa. Urashobora kubisanga mubintu byinshi. Niba ushaka kumenya icyuma kitagira umwanda gikoreshwa, Isosiyete yacu irashobora kukwereka imikoreshereze yayo myinshi.
Ibyingenzi
Ibyuma bidafite ingese nicyuma gikomeye. Ntabwo ibora cyangwa ngo ibora kuko ifite chromium. Ibi bifasha gukora neza mugikoni no mubikoresho byubuvuzi.
Biroroshye koza no kwitaho. Ibi bigira isuku kandi bifite umutekano kubiribwa no gukoresha ubuvuzi.
Ibyuma bidafite ingese birashobora gukoresha ubushyuhe bwinshi. Ibi bituma biba byiza kubikoresho byo guteka n'imashini nini.
Icyuma kirashobora gukoreshwa. Ibi bifasha ibidukikije mugabanya imyanda no kuzigama umutungo.
Hariho ubwoko butandukanye bwibyuma, nka austenitis na martensitike. Zikoreshwa mubintu byinshi, nkibikoresho byo mu gikoni nibikoresho byo kubaga.
Icyuma Cyuma
Ibisobanuro n'ibigize
Urashobora kwibaza impamvu ibyuma bidafite ingese bidasanzwe. Ibyuma bidafite ingese bikozwe mucyuma kandi byibuze chromium 10.5%. Amatsinda amwe avuga ko agomba kuba afite nibura 11% chromium. Chromium ikora urwego ruto, rutagaragara hejuru. Uru rupapuro rushobora kwikosora niba rwashushanyije. Rero, ibyuma bidafite ingese ntibishobora kubora cyangwa kubora byoroshye, ndetse no ahantu hakomeye.
Ibyuma bitagira umwanda bifite ibirenze ibyuma na chromium. Ababikora bongeraho ibindi kugirango birusheho kuba byiza. Dore ibyo uzasanga mubyuma bidafite ingese:
Nibura 10.5% ya chromium
Icyuma nigice cyingenzi
Nickel irayifasha kunama no kuyihagarika okiside
Molybdenum itanga imbaraga nyinshi kandi igahagarika ingese
Carbone, silicon, manganese, fosifore, sulfure, na titanium bifasha muburyo butandukanye
Buri gice gifasha ibyuma bidafite ingese gukomera, kumara igihe kirekire, no kuguma ufite isuku. Ukoresha ibi bintu byiza igihe cyose ukoresheje ibyuma bidafite ingese murugo cyangwa kukazi.
Itandukaniro nicyuma gisanzwe
Urashobora kwibaza uburyo ibyuma bidafite ingese bitandukanye nibyuma bisanzwe. Igisubizo kiri mubiri imbere nicyo gikora. Ibyuma bisanzwe, byitwa kandi ibyuma bya karubone, ahanini ni ibyuma na karubone. Ibyuma bitagira umuyonga bifite chromium rimwe na rimwe nikel, ihindura uko ikora.
Hano hari imbonerahamwe yoroshye yo kwerekana itandukaniro:
Ibikoresho |
Ibyingenzi Bikurura |
Ibyuma |
Icyuma, Chromium, Nickel, n'abandi |
Ibyuma bya Carbone |
Carbone |
Ibyuma bitagira umwanda nibyiza kuko bitangirika cyangwa ngo byangwe nubushyuhe. Chromium ikora ingabo, ntabwo rero uhangayikishijwe n'ikizinga cyangwa ingese. Nickel ifasha koroshya gushiraho no kwinjiramo. Ibyuma bisanzwe ntabwo bifite izi ngingo nziza. Irabora vuba kandi ikeneye kwitabwaho cyane.
Ibyuma bitagira umuyonga ntabwo ari magnetique kandi byoroshye guhorana isuku. Urabibona mu nganda zibiribwa, mubitaro, nahantu hagomba kuba hasukuye. Ibyuma bisanzwe nibyiza mubwubatsi n'imodoka ariko bikeneye ubufasha kugirango uhagarike ingese.
Impanuro: Niba ushaka ikintu kimara kandi kiguma gifite isuku, hitamo ibyuma bitagira umwanda.
Ibyingenzi byingenzi byicyuma
Ibyuma bidafite ingese birihariye kuko bifite imico myinshi myiza. Ibi bituma uhitamo neza kubintu byinshi, nkibikoresho byigikoni nibikoresho byubuvuzi. Ibyuma bitagira umwanda bikora neza no ahantu hakomeye. Reka turebe icyuma ibyuma bitagira umwanda bitoranya ubwenge kumushinga wawe utaha.
Kurwanya ruswa
Kurwanya ruswa nikintu cyiza kubyuma bidafite ingese. Urashaka ibintu bimara kandi bidafite ingese. Ibyuma bitagira umwanda bikora ibi kuko bifite chromium. Iyo umwuka ukora ku byuma bidafite ingese, chromium ikora urwego ruto hejuru. Uru rupapuro rutuma amazi, umwuka, n’imiti bitaba icyuma.
Niba ugishushanyije, urwego rwikosora. Ibi bivuze ko ibyuma bidafite ingese bikomeza gukomera nubwo byakomeretsa. Chromium nyinshi isobanura kurinda neza ingese. Niyo mpamvu ibyuma bidafite ingese nibyiza ahantu hatose cyangwa umunyu.
Dore imbonerahamwe yerekana uburyo ibyuma bidafite ingese birwanya ingese:
Urwego |
Ibisobanuro |
Chromium Oxide |
Gukora ingabo hejuru iyo ihuye numwuka, guhagarika ingese no kwangirika. |
Umutungo wo Kwikiza |
Niba inkinzo ivunitse, chromium irongera ikabikora iyo umwuka uri hafi. |
Ibirimo Chromium Yisumbuye |
Chromium nyinshi isobanura kurinda ingese. |
Urashobora kubona uburyo ibyuma bidafite ingese bikora ahantu hatandukanye. Igipimo cy ingese kiguma hasi, ndetse no ahantu hakomeye:
Ubwoko bw'ikirere |
Igipimo cya ruswa (mpy) |
Ibitekerezo |
Icyaro |
0.20 - 0.39 |
Bipimirwa mu Burayi bw'i Burasirazuba n'Uburengerazuba |
Umujyi |
0.39 - 1.18 |
|
Inganda |
1.18 - 2.36 |
|
Marine |
0.39 - 1.57 |
Gupimwa nyuma yimyaka 4 muri Scandinavia |
Arctique |
0.16 |
Gupimwa nyuma yimyaka 4 mumajyaruguru ya Suwede |
304 ibyuma bidafite ingese bigera kuri mm 0,03 gusa buri mwaka. Ibi ni bike cyane kuruta ibyuma bya karubone, byihuta. Ibyuma bidafite ingese bikora neza mumijyi no hafi yinyanja. Nibyiza kubiraro, ubwato, nibintu hanze.
Icyitonderwa: Ibyuma bitagira umwanda nabyo bihagarara kuri acide na base. Urashobora kuyikoresha mubihingwa nganda ninganda zibiribwa nta mpungenge.
Kurwanya Ubushyuhe
Kurwanya ubushyuhe nikindi kintu gikomeye kijyanye nicyuma. Ukeneye ibintu bishobora gufata ubushyuhe kandi ntibigire intege. Ibyuma bitagira umwanda bikomeza imiterere n'imbaraga iyo bishyushye. Niyo mpamvu abantu babikoresha ku ziko, moteri, n'imashini nini.
Ubwoko butandukanye bwibyuma ntibishobora gufata urwego rutandukanye. Hano hari imbonerahamwe yerekana ubushyuhe ubwoko bumwe bushobora gukora:
Icyiciro |
Ikirere cy'ubushyuhe (° F) |
Ingingo yo gushonga (° F) |
Inyandiko |
304 |
1.598 - 1.697 |
2,550 - 2.650 |
Kubona intege nke mubushyuhe bwinshi |
316 |
Hasi gato munsi ya 304 |
2,500 - 2,550 |
Ibyiza byo kurwanya ingese kuruta 304 |
Niba urebye ibindi byuma, ibyuma bidafite ingese birashobora gufata ubushyuhe bwinshi:
Ubwoko bw'icyuma |
Kurwanya Ubushyuhe (° C) |
Ingingo yo gushonga (° C) |
Ibyuma |
750-1550 |
N / A. |
Aluminium |
N / A. |
660 |
Ibyuma bya Carbone |
N / A. |
N / A. |
Ibyuma bitagira umwanda birashobora gufata ubushyuhe burenze aluminium. Urashobora kuyikoresha aho ibintu bishyushye cyane. Igumana kandi ingabo yayo iyo ishyushye. Ibyuma bidafite ingese ntibisenya cyangwa ngo bitakaze urwego.
Impanuro: Niba ukeneye ipanu, grill, cyangwa moteri, hitamo ibyuma bitagira umwanda kugirango ubushyuhe n'imbaraga.
Imbaraga no Kuramba
Urashaka ibintu bikomeye kandi biramba. Ibyuma bidafite ingese birakomeye kandi birakomeye. Irashobora gufata ibintu biremereye kandi ntishobora kunama cyangwa gufata byoroshye. Ibi bituma biba byiza ku nyubako, ibiraro, nibikoresho byibitaro.
Dore imbonerahamwe yerekana uburyo ubwoko bumwe bukomeye:
Icyuma Cyuma |
Imbaraga za Tensile (ksi) |
Umusaruro (ksi) |
303 |
75-90 |
30-40 |
304 |
75-90 |
30-40 |
Imbaraga zingana bivuze uburyo gukurura bisaba kumena. Umusaruro utanga ni igihe utangiye kunama. Ibyuma bidafite ingese birakomeye kandi bimara igihe kirekire, bityo rero ni umutekano kubikorwa bikomeye.
Irahagarara kandi kuri acide na base. Ibi bivuze ko idacika intege bivuye mumiti. Urashobora kuyikoresha muri laboratoire, mu nganda, no mubitaro.
Ibyuma bidafite ingese birakomeye kandi ntibishobora kubora. Kumara imyaka hamwe nakazi gake.
Isuku
Isuku nimpamvu nini ubona ibyuma bitagira umwanda mubikoni no mubitaro. Ubuso bworoshye ntibureka mikorobe cyangwa umwanda. Urashobora kwoza ukoresheje isabune n'amazi. Ibi bituma biba byiza kubikoresho byubuvuzi, akazi ko kurya, n ahantu hasukuye.
Ibyuma bidafite ingese ntibishobora kubora cyangwa kwanduza. Ibi bituma ibikoresho byawe bisa nkibishya kandi bifite umutekano byo gukoresha.
Ibikoresho byubuvuzi bikozwe mubyuma bidafite ingese biroroshye kubisukura. Ibi birinda abantu kwirinda mikorobe.
Gusubiramo
Gusubiramo ni kimwe mubintu byiza byerekeranye nicyuma. Urashobora kuyitunganya inshuro nyinshi kandi igakomeza gukomera. Ibi bifasha isi kandi ikiza umutungo.
Iyo wongeye gukoresha ibyuma bitagira umwanda, ukora imyanda mike ugakoresha ingufu nke. Ibyuma byinshi bidafite ingese byahinduye ibice. Ibi bituma ihitamo neza kububaka n'ababikora.
Ibyuma bidafite ingese birakomeye, ntibigira ingese, kandi ni byiza kuri iyi si.
Ubwoko bwibyuma
Ibyuma bidafite ingese bifite ubwoko bwinshi. Buri bwoko nibyiza kumurimo runaka. Urashobora guhitamo icyiza niba uzi icyo buri wese akora neza.
Austenitike
Austenitike idafite ibyuma ikoreshwa ahantu henshi. Ifite isura-ya cubic (FCC) imiterere. Ubu bwoko ntibukururwa na magnesi. Urashobora kunama no kuyishiraho nta mbaraga nyinshi. Ifite ruswa nziza yo kurwanya ubwoko bwose. Urabibona mubikoni, imashini zokurya, nibikoresho byubuvuzi. Irakomeye kandi igumana ubuso busukuye. Urashobora gusudira byoroshye. Igura byinshi, ariko ikora neza.
Impanuro: Tora austenitis niba ushaka ibyuma bitagira ingese kandi bitoroshye kandi byoroshye kugira isuku.
Ferritic
Ibyuma bya ferritic bidafite ibyuma bifite umubiri wa cubic (BCC). Ni rukuruzi. Itanga ruswa nziza, ariko ntabwo ari austenitis. Koresha ferritic idafite ibyuma aho udakeneye uburinzi buhanitse. Igura make kandi byoroshye gukata no gushushanya. Biragoye gusudira kandi ntabwo bikomeye nka austenitis.
Hano hari imbonerahamwe yo kugereranya ferritic na austenitis ibyuma bidafite ingese:
Ikiranga |
Ibyuma bya Ferritic |
Icyuma cya Austenitike |
Imiterere ya Crystal |
Kubic-bishingiye ku mubiri (BCC) |
Kubic-bishingiye ku maso (FCC) |
Magnetism |
Magnetic |
Ntabwo ari magnetique |
Kurwanya ruswa |
Nibyiza, ariko biri hasi |
Ikirenga |
Guhindagurika no Gukomera |
Hasi |
Hejuru |
Weldability |
Biragoye |
Ibyiza |
Igiciro |
Birenzeho |
Birahenze cyane |
Porogaramu |
Ibidukikije bidakenewe cyane |
Porogaramu-yohejuru |
Uhasanga ferritic idafite ibyuma mubyuma byimodoka, ibikoresho byigikoni, hamwe nubwubatsi. Nibyiza kubahana ubushyuhe nibikorwa byokurya kuko bitwara ubushyuhe kandi byoroshye kubisukura.
Martensitike
Martensitike idafite ibyuma bizwiho gukomera cyane. Urashobora kubikora ndetse nubushyuhe. Ifite karubone nyinshi, irakomeye ariko irashobora kumeneka byoroshye. Itanga ruswa irwanya ruswa, ntabwo iri hejuru nkubundi bwoko. Urabona martensitike idafite ibyuma mubikoresho nibice bigomba kuguma bikarishye cyangwa bikomeye.
Hano haribintu bimwe byingenzi biranga martensitike idafite ibyuma:
Birakomeye
Irashobora gucika byoroshye
Kurwanya ruswa yo hagati
Imbaraga zikomeye
Ukoresha martensitike idafite ibyuma ibyuma, ibikoresho byo kubaga, ibice bya moteri, na pompe. Nibyiza mugihe ukeneye inkoni ityaye cyangwa ikomeye yo kwihanganira kwambara.
Icyitonderwa: Niba ukeneye ibyuma bitagira umuyonga ku byuma cyangwa ibice byimashini, martensitike ni amahitamo meza.
Gushyira mu bikorwa ibyuma bitagira umwanda
Ibyuma bidafite ingese bikoreshwa ahantu henshi. Irakomeye kandi ntishobora kubora. Urashobora kuyisukura byoroshye. Niyo mpamvu abantu babikoresha kubintu byinshi. Urabona ibyuma bidafite ingese murugo no mu nganda nini. Reka tumenye uko uyikoresha burimunsi no mumirimo minini.
Imikoreshereze ya buri munsi
Ukoresha ibyuma bidafite ingese cyane murugo. Mu gikoni, urabibona mu mwobo no muri konti. Inkono, amasafuriya, hamwe namashanyarazi bikozwe muri byo. Firigo nitanura byinshi bikoresha ibyuma bitagira umwanda. Irasa neza kandi imara igihe kirekire. Urashobora koza ibyo bintu vuba. Ntibanduza cyangwa ngo zibike mikorobe. Ibi bifasha kurinda ibiryo byawe neza nigikoni cyawe.
Ibintu bisanzwe murugo bikozwe mubyuma bidafite ingese:
Ibikoresho byo mu gikoni nka sikeli, ibara, inkono, amasafuriya, hamwe nudukoni
Ibikoresho nka frigo n'amatanura
Ibyuma bidafite ingese bifite ubuso bworoshye. Ikirangantego na mikorobe ntibikomeraho. Ibi bigufasha kugira isuku murugo. Ntabwo ibora cyangwa ngo ituze kubera ubushyuhe. Inkono yawe n'amasafuriya bigumaho imyaka myinshi. Ntugomba guhangayikishwa n'imiti mibi mu biryo byawe. Ibyuma bidafite umwanda ni umutekano kandi ufite ubwenge kumuryango wawe.
Impanuro: Tora ibyuma bitagira umwanda kubikoresho byigikoni. Ni umutekano, ukomeye, kandi byoroshye gusukura.
Gukoresha Inganda
Ibigo binini bikoresha ibyuma bitagira umwanda kubwimpamvu nyinshi. Mubitaro, urabibona mubikoresho byo kubaga no gukora amenyo. Abaganga barayikoresha kubihimba byimpimbano. Ibyuma bitagira umwanda ntibitwara amazi yumubiri. Ibi birinda abarwayi umutekano. Ibitaro bikoresha kumeza n'imashini za MRI. Biroroshye gukora ibyo bintu.
Abakora amamodoka bakoresha ibyuma bitagira umwanda mumiyoboro isohoka hamwe namakadiri yimodoka. Urabibona kandi mubikoresho byubwato namakamyo. Nibyiza ahantu hafi yinyanja. Rust nikibazo kinini. Ibyuma bidafite ingese ntibishobora kubora, bityo imodoka n'amato bimara igihe kirekire.
Urwego rw'inganda |
Porogaramu Rusange |
Ibiryo n'ibiryo |
Ibikoresho byo mu gikoni, amahwa, inkono, frigo, koza ibikoresho |
Ubuvuzi |
Ibikoresho byo kubaga, ibikoresho by'amenyo, gushiramo, ameza y'ibitaro |
Ingufu n’inganda zikomeye |
Imashini mu miti, gaze, amavuta, ninganda zitanga ingufu |
Imodoka no gutwara abantu |
Umunaniro wimodoka, ibice byimodoka, ibikoresho byubwato, amakamyo, amakamyo yimyanda |
Ubwubatsi |
Igipfukisho c'urukuta, imbere ikoreshwa, kubaka amakadiri |
Ibyuma bitagira umwanda bikoreshwa mubwato no mumavuta. Irakomeye kandi ihagaze mubihe bibi. Mu nyubako, urabibona kurukuta no kumurongo. Ibyuma bidafite ingese birakomeye kandi birashobora gukoreshwa. Ibi bifasha gukora inyubako zifite umutekano kandi zirambye.
Icyitonderwa: Ibyuma bidafite ingese nibyingenzi mubitaro, imodoka, nubwato.
Urashobora kwiringira ibyuma bidafite ingese kuko birakomeye. Ntabwo ibora cyangwa ngo ibora byoroshye. Urashobora kuyisukura nta kibazo kinini. Abantu barayikoresha ahantu henshi nkibitaro ninyubako. Ibyuma bidafite ingese bifasha muburyo butandukanye:
Gusaba |
Impamvu ikora neza |
Ibikoresho byo kwa muganga |
Komeza gukara kandi usukuye nyuma yo gukora isuku |
Ibigega byo kubika |
Ntishobora kubora cyangwa kubora |
Ubwubatsi |
Irakomeye kandi isa niyigezweho |
Niba uhisemo ibyuma bitagira umwanda, ntukeneye gukosorwa cyane. Ufasha gusubiramo no kubona agaciro keza igihe kirekire. Tekereza kubikoresha akazi kawe gakurikira.
Ibibazo
Niki gituma ibyuma bitagira umwanda bitandukanye nibindi byuma?
Ubona uburyo bwiza bwo kurinda ingese hamwe nicyuma kitagira umwanda kuko kirimo chromium. Iki cyuma gikora ingabo hejuru. Ibindi byuma nka fer cyangwa aluminium ntabwo bifite iki cyiciro cyo kwikiza.
Urashobora gutunganya ibyuma bitagira umwanda?
Nibyo, urashobora kubisubiramo inshuro nyinshi. Icyuma kigumana imbaraga nubuziranenge. Gusubiramo bifasha kubika umutungo no kurengera ibidukikije.
Ibyuma bidafite ingese bifite umutekano muguteka no guhunika ibiryo?
Urashobora kuyikoresha muguteka no kubika ibiryo. Ntabwo yitabira ibiryo cyangwa ngo ihindure uburyohe. Ibikoresho byinshi byo mu gikoni nibikoresho bikoresha iki cyuma mumutekano nisuku.
Nigute ushobora gusukura ibyuma bitagira umwanda?
Koresha amazi ashyushye hamwe nisabune yoroheje. Ihanagura umwenda woroshye. Kubirindiro bikaze, koresha soda yo guteka. Irinde ubwoya bw'icyuma kuko bushobora gushushanya hejuru.
Nihe ubona ibyuma bidafite ingese mubuzima bwa buri munsi?
Urabibona mubikoni byo mu gikoni, ibikoresho, ibikoresho byubuvuzi, ibice byimodoka, hamwe namakadiri yo kubaka. Imbaraga zayo nisuku byoroshye bituma ikundwa ahantu henshi.
