Kungani Insimbi Eluhlaza Kuyikusasa: Izinselelo Nezici Zokukhiqiza Ikhabhoni Ephansi

• Imboni yensimbi idala cishe u-8% wokukhishwa kwe-CO2 emhlabeni.

• Abanye ochwepheshe bacabanga ukuthi ukwenza insimbi kubangela phakathi kuka-7.2% no-11% wokukhishwa kwe-CO2 emhlabeni jikelele.

Okuthathwayo Okubalulekile

Insimbi eluhlaza inganciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-CO2 kufika ku-95%. Lokhu kwenza kubaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni ohlanzekile. - Ukusebenzisa insimbi eluhlaza kudinga amandla angaphansi ngo-17%. Iphinde iyonga ngo-33% ngaphezu kwezindlela zakudala. - Insimbi eluhlaza ingasiza ekufinyeleleni imigomo yesimo sezulu. Ingase yehlise ukukhishwa kwe-CO2 ngo-12% unyaka ngamunye ngo-2030. - Sidinga ukutshala kubuchwepheshe obusha nezakhiwo. Lokhu kuzokwenza insimbi eluhlaza kube lula ukuyisebenzisa futhi ishibhile. - Ungasiza ngokukha imikhiqizo yensimbi eluhlaza. Ungakwazi futhi ukusekela imithetho esiza ukwenza insimbi ehlanzekile.

Insimbi Eluhlaza kanye Nomphumela Wayo

Iyini Insimbi Eluhlaza

Ungase ubuze ukuthi insimbi eluhlaza ayifani kanjani nensimbi evamile. Izindlela ezindala zokwenza insimbi zisebenzisa iziko eziqhumayo kanye neziko eliyisisekelo le-oxygen. Lezi zindlela zithumela cishe amathani amabili e-CO2 ngethani ngalinye lensimbi eyenziwe. Insimbi eluhlaza isebenzisa izinyathelo ezihlukene. Isebenzisa ukugaywa kabusha okuningi kanye namalahle amancane. Izinkampani zisebenzisa ukuncishiswa okuqondile kwensimbi kanye nokufakwa kukagesi. Lezi zinyathelo zingasebenzisa amandla avuselelekayo. Insimbi eluhlaza nayo isebenzisa izinsimbi eziningi ezilahliwe. Lokhu kusho imfucuza encane kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi okumbalwa. Insimbi eluhlaza ingcono emvelweni kunezindlela zakudala.

I-Emission kanye Nezinzuzo Zamandla

Uma ukhetha insimbi eluhlaza, usiza ukwehlisa ukukhishwa kwe-CO2 kufika ku-95%. Lesi isinyathelo esikhulu sokukhiqiza okuhambisana nesimo sezulu. Insimbi eluhlaza yenza igesi ebamba ukushisa encane kunezindlela zakudala. Kukhona nezinye izinto ezinhle:

• Usebenzisa amandla angaphansi ngo-17%.

• Lolu hlelo lungonga amandla ngo-33%.

• Ukugaywa kabusha kusiza ukonga amandla futhi kwehlise imfucuza.

Nakhu ukubuka okulula kwezinzuzo eziyinhloko zemvelo:

Kungani I-Green Steel Ibalulekile

Uma usekela insimbi eluhlaza, usiza umhlaba ukuthi ufinyelele imigomo yesimo sezulu. Izinkampani eziningi zifuna ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-CO2 phakathi kuka-2025 no-2060. Uma zenza lokhu, imboni yensimbi ingase yehlise ukukhishwa kwe-CO2 minyaka yonke kuze kufike ku-12% ngo-2030 kanye no-39% ngo-2050. Insimbi eluhlaza isiza ukwenza izinto zibe ngcono emhlabeni. Iphinde idale imisebenzi emisha kwezobuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile. Ukugaywa kabusha namandla ahlanzekile kusiza nezinye izimboni. Wenza umehluko uma ukhetha insimbi eyenziwe ngokungcoliswa okuncane kanye nokunakekelwa okwengeziwe kweplanethi.

Isidingo Sokukhiqiza Kwensimbi Yekhabhoni Ephansi

I-Environmental Impact of Steel Production

Abantu abaningi abazi ukuthi insimbi iyilimaza kanjani iplanethi. Ukwenza insimbi kukhipha cishe amagigatonne angu-3.7 we-CO2 unyaka ngamunye. Lokhu cishe ku-11% wayo yonke i-CO2 emhlabeni. Okuningi kwalokhu kuvela ezindleleni zakudala zesithando somlilo. Izimboni zensimbi nazo zithumela ezinye izinto ezimbi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ama-organic compounds aguquguqukayo, i-particle matter, namagesi abamba ukushisa. Lezi zinto zingenza umoya ungcolile. Umoya ongcolile ungabangela izinkinga zempilo njengesifuba somoya kanye ne-bronchitis. Lapho izitshalo zensimbi zikhipha i-sulphur dioxide nama-nitrogen oxides, imvula ene-asidi ingenzeka. Imvula ene-asidi ilimaza imifula, amachibi nomhlabathi. Lokhu kungalimaza izitshalo nezilwane.

• Ukwenza insimbi kukhipha i-3.7 gigatonnes ye-CO2 njalo ngonyaka.

• Imboni idala u-7% kuya ku-11% we-CO2 yomhlaba.

• I-China yenza ngaphezu kwengxenye yensimbi yomhlaba.

Imigomo Yesimo Sezulu Yomhlaba Wonke kanye Nokucindezela Kwemboni

Abantu emhlabeni wonke bafuna ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ephansi. Ohulumeni abaningi benza imithetho eqinile. Amazwe enza izithembiso ngesikhathi esayina Isivumelwano Sesimo Sezulu saseParis. Ukuze bafinyelele imigomo yabo, badinga ukwenza imithetho emisha ezinkampanini.

Kunengcindezi eyengeziwe yokunciphisa ukungcola manje. Lokhu kuvela emithethweni kahulumeni, lokho abathengi abakufunayo, futhi inkampani ithembisa ukuthi izoba luhlaza.

Ngenxa yalezi zingcingo, saqala i-GSCC® ngo-2022. Ngonyaka odlule, saqala ukusebenza ndawonye ukuze sihlangabezane nomgomo we-Paris Climate Agreement we-1.5 degree degree ngo-2050.

Njalo ngonyaka, kunemithetho eminingi yensimbi ehlanzekile. Izinkampani namazwe afuna ukuhlangabezana nezinjongo zesimo sezulu futhi alandele imithetho emisha.

Abashayeli Bezomnotho Nezenhlalakahle

Usiza ukuthuthela ensimbi enekhabhoni ephansi. Ohulumeni basebenzisa imithetho nemivuzo, njengoMthetho Wokuncishiswa Kokwehla Kwamanani Emali kanye Nomthetho Womoya Ohlanzekile, ukuze baphushele insimbi eluhlaza. Abantu nabasebenzi bafuna umoya ohlanzekile nemisebenzi engcono. Abanye bakhathazeka ngokulahlekelwa yimisebenzi noma izinkampani ezikhathalela inzuzo esheshayo kuphela. Uma ohulumeni bethenga insimbi eluhlaza noma izinkampani ezinkulu ezifana nabakhiqizi bezimoto abakhetha yona, imakethe iyakhula. Ukuthatha usizo olungalungile lwensimbi endala kungenza insimbi eluhlaza ishibhile.

Isici	Incazelo
Amathuluzi Kahulumeni	Imithetho nemivuzo isiza ukunqamula ukukhishwa kwensimbi.
Ukusekelwa Komphakathi	Abasebenzi namaqembu bafuna imisebenzi ephephile nehlanzekile.
Izinselelo Zemakethe	Abanye bakhathazeka ngokulahlekelwa umsebenzi noma ukucabanga kwesikhashana kwezinkampani.

Izinselelo Zokutholwa Kwensimbi Eluhlaza

Ubuchwepheshe kanye Ne-Hydrogen Supply

Ubona ubuchwepheshe obusha njengengxenye ebalulekile yensimbi eluhlaza. Njengamanje, ukwenza insimbi ye-hydrogen nobunye ubuchwepheshe bokwenza insimbi abukalungeli ngokugcwele izimboni ezinkulu. Udinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu ukuze wakhe izitshalo ezisebenzisa i-hydrogen ne-electric arc furnaces. Lezi zindlela ezintsha zibiza kakhulu kunezakudala. Udinga futhi ukuhlinzekwa okuqhubekayo kwamandla avuselelekayo kanye ne-carbon hydrogen ephansi. Lokhu kunzima ngoba izindawo eziningi azinawo amandla ahlanzekile anele noma i-hydrogen okwamanje.

• Ukhokha izindleko eziphakeme ngobuchwepheshe obusha.

• Ulinda izindlela zensimbi eziluhlaza ukuze zithembeke kakhulu.

• Udinga ingqalasizinda engcono yamandla avuselelekayo ne-hydrogen.

• Kufanele uxazulule izinkinga ze-supply chain ore yensimbi ehlanzekile nezokuthutha.

Imakethe yensimbi eluhlaza esekwe nge-hydrogen ikhula ngokushesha. Amazwe amaningi afuna ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi, ngakho atshala imali ku-hydrogen eluhlaza. Ochwepheshe bacabanga ukuthi le makethe izokhula ngaphezu kuka-20% unyaka ngamunye eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo. Ungabona ukuthi i-hydrogen eluhlaza ibaluleke kakhulu ekwenzeni insimbi eluhlaza isebenze esikhathini esizayo.

Izindleko Eziphakeme Nezithiyo Zemakethe

Uyaqaphela ukuthi insimbi eluhlaza ibiza ngaphezu kwensimbi evamile. Namuhla, ukhokha cishe u-40% ngaphezulu ngensimbi eluhlaza. Kwezinye izindawo, njengeShayina, izindleko ezengeziwe zingaba ngu-$225 ngethani ngalinye uma i-hydrogen ibiza. Ngo-2050, ochwepheshe bacabanga ukuthi insimbi eluhlaza ingabiza kancane kunensimbi esekelwe ezintweni eziphilayo. Uma amanani e-hydrogen ehla ngaphansi kwe-$2 ngekhilogremu, insimbi eluhlaza ingafana nentengo yensimbi endala.

• Uyabona ukuthi izindleko ziyashintsha ngezwe.

• Ukhokha kakhulu ugesi nezinto ezintsha.

• Udinga insimbi ekhethekile, kodwa ngaphansi kuka-5% wezinto ezitholakala emhlabeni zilungele insimbi eluhlaza.

• Udinga ugesi omningi, okusho ukuthi udinga ingqalasizinda kagesi engcono.

• Uthola ukuthi i-hydrogen eluhlaza iseyivelakancane, yenza ngaphansi kuka-0.1% wayo yonke i-hydrogen eyenziwe namuhla.

• Ungase ungatholi insimbi eyanele, njengoba isidingo sikhuphuka futhi amanye amazwe azigcinela izinsalela zawo.

EYurophu, lezi zinselele zicacile kakhulu. Ukhokha kakhulu amandla futhi kufanele uthole imithombo emisha yamandla ahlanzekile. Uphinde uqhudelane ngensimbi yekhwalithi ephezulu ne-scrap steel. Lezi zithiyo zemakethe zenza kube nzima kuwe ukushintshela kunsimbi eluhlaza ngokushesha.

Ingqalasizinda kanye Nezindaba Zenqubomgomo

Udinga ingqalasizinda eqinile ukuze usekele insimbi eluhlaza. Ukwakha izimboni zamandla amasha nezimboni ze-hydrogen kubiza kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuze wenze amathani ensimbi ayisigidi unyaka ngamunye, ungase usebenzise amaRandi angaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu zamaRandi ase-Australia ezintweni zikagesi. Lokhu kungaphezu kwalokho okusebenzisa kwezinye izingxenye zesitshalo. Kufanele ukhethe izindawo ezinamandla ashibhile avuselelekayo ukuze wonge imali. Ukwenza ithani elilodwa lensimbi ngokunciphisa ngokuqondile i-hydrogen kusebenzisa cishe amahora angu-3.6 megawatt kagesi. Udinga ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu kumasistimu akho wamandla ukuze ubambe lokhu.

Uphinde ubhekane nezinselelo zenqubomgomo nezokulawula. Amazwe amaningi awavumelani ngalokho okubhekwa njengensimbi eluhlaza. Eminye imithetho ivumela izinkampani ukuthi zibize insimbi yazo eluhlaza ngisho noma ingahlanzekile kakhulu. Izithiyo zohwebo zenza kube nzima ukuthola insimbi egaywe kabusha kwamanye amazwe. Lezi zinkinga zinciphisa ukuthuthela ensimbi eluhlaza.

Qaphela: Ungasiza ngokucela imithetho ecacile nokusekelwa okungcono kohulumeni. Uma usekela izinqubomgomo eziqinile, wenza kube lula ukuthi insimbi eluhlaza ikhule.

Uyabona ukuthi lezi zinselelo zinkulu, kodwa akwenzeki ukuzixazulula. Uma usebenza nabanye, utshala imali kubuchwepheshe obusha, futhi ucindezela imithetho engcono, ungasiza insimbi eluhlaza ibe yindinganiso entsha.

Ama-Catalysts Okukhula Kwensimbi Okuhlaza

I-Clean Tech kanye ne-Hydrogen Innovation

Ubuchwepheshe obusha buyashintsha indlela insimbi eyenziwa ngayo. I-hydrogen ehlanzekile kanye nokushisisa kukagesi kusiza ukwehlisa ukungcola. Lawa mathuluzi abaluleke kakhulu ekwenzeni insimbi enokungcola okuncane. Nansi eminye imibono emisha:

• Ukwenza insimbi okusekelwe ku-hydrogen kusiza ukunciphisa kakhulu ukungcola.

• Ukushisisa ngogesi kusho ukuthi usebenzisa uphethiloli omncane.

• Izindlela ezintsha zokwenza insimbi zinganciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ngama-30% ngo-2050.

I-Canada ingumholi ekuthengisweni kwe-iron eluhlaza. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi inensimbi eningi namandla ahlanzekile. Amanye amaphrojekthi okuhlola manje athwebula u-80-90% we-CO2. Ukusebenzisa amandla anekhabhoni ephansi kunganciphisa amagesi abamba ukushisa ngesigamu. Izindleko eziphezulu kanye nezinguquko ezinzima kuseyizinkinga. Kodwa izinqubomgomo ezinhle nokusebenza kwethimba kusiza abantu ukuthi baqhubeke.

Ukwesekwa Kwenqubomgomo kanye Nemihlomulo

Imithetho eqinile nemivuzo evela kuhulumeni isiza kakhulu. Lezi zinto zenza kube lula ukutshala imali ensimbi ehlanzekile. Nansi eminye imithetho ebalulekile:

Amanani ekhabhoni nemivuzo ishintsha indlela abantu abasebenzisa ngayo imali. I-CBAM yenza amazwe asebenzise izindlela ezihlanzekile zokuqhubeka nokudayisa insimbi. Imithetho ye-IRA kanye ne-Buy Clean yenza abantu bakhethe insimbi enokungcola okuncane.

Isidingo Semakethe Nokutshalwa Kwezimali

Isidingo sensimbi siyashintsha manje. Abakhi bafuna insimbi eluhlaza ezakhiweni ezintsha. Abakhi bezimoto nabo badinga insimbi eyengeziwe njengoba benza izimoto ezisebenza ngogesi. Bakhokha kakhulu insimbi eluhlaza ukuze basize iplanethi.

Abatshalizimali bafuna izindawo ezinamandla ahlanzekile ashibhile. I-Scandinavia kanye nezifunda ze-Gulf zilungele amaphrojekthi amasha. Lezi zindawo zinamandla anele ezimbonini ezinkulu. Ohulumeni abafana ne-UK basebenzisa imali eningi ukusiza insimbi eluhlaza. Isidingo esikhulu nemali kusiza insimbi eluhlaza ikhule.

Inqubekelaphambili Nomgwaqo Oya Phambili

Izibonelo Ezihamba phambili Ngensimbi Eluhlaza

Ungabona inqubekelaphambili yangempela kunsimbi eluhlaza emhlabeni jikelele. Amanye amazwe nezinkampani zihamba phambili ngezimpumelelo ezinkulu. Nakhu ukubuka okusheshayo:

• I-Baowu Steel Group yaseChina ihola iqembu lezinkampani ezingama-62. Bafuna ukufinyelela ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ephezulu ngo-2023 futhi banciphise ngama-30% ngo-2035.

• I-Fortescue Metals Group yase-Australia ihlela ukwakha imboni yokuqala yokuhlola insimbi eluhlaza kuleli.

Ungafunda kuphrojekthi ye-HYBRIT eSweden. Le phrojekthi isebenzisa i-hydrogen eluhlaza ukwenza insimbi engenazo izinsalela. Ithimba elilandela i-HYBRIT—SSAB, LKAB, ne-Vattenfall—selivele lenze insimbi yokuqala yomhlaba engenazinsalela ezimbiwa phansi. Iphrojekthi ye-HYBRIT Demonstration ihlose ukwenza cishe amathani ayizigidi eziyi-1.3 ensimbi engenazinsalela ezimbiwa phansi unyaka ngamunye. Lokhu cishe ingxenye yesine yazo zonke izinsimbi ezenziwe eSweden. Eminyakeni eyishumi, le phrojekthi ingamisa amathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-14 ze-CO₂ ukuthi zingangeni emoyeni.

Izinyathelo Ezibheke Ekungenweni Okujwayelekile

Udlala indima ekwenzeni insimbi eluhlaza ibe yinto evamile. Amazwe amaningi manje agxile ku-hydrogen njengengxenye eyinhloko yezinhlelo zawo zensimbi. I-India isebenzisa i-hydrogen eluhlaza ukuze isize ukunciphisa ukungcola. Uma usebenzisa izindlela ze-DRI-EAF ezisuselwa ku-hydrogen ngamandla avuselelekayo, unganciphisa ukukhishwa okuqondile okungafika ku-90%.

Nazi ezinye izinyathelo ozibona zenzeka manje:

• Izinkampani zakha izitshalo zokuhlola futhi zihlole izindlela ezintsha zokwenza insimbi.

• Ohulumeni banikeza imivuzo futhi babeke imithetho ukusiza insimbi eluhlaza ikhule.

• Amaqembu omphakathi nawangasese asebenzisana ukuze akhe ingqalasizinda ye-hydrogen.

• Ngo-2030, ukusebenzisa i-hydrogen kunganciphisa ukukhishwa kwensimbi ngo-30% uma kuqhathaniswa no-2023. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izigidi ezingu-50 zamathani ambalwa we-CO₂ unyaka ngamunye.

Imakethe yensimbi eluhlaza izokhula ngokushesha kusukela ngo-2026 kuya ku-2032. Uzobona ubukhulu bemakethe bucishe buphindeke kabili, bufinyelele phezu kwamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-54 ngo-2032. Izenzo ze-European Union zizosiza ukusheshisa lolu shintsho.

Usiza ekulolongeni ikusasa ngokukhetha insimbi eluhlaza nokusekela imibono emisha. Ngokusebenzisana nokukhetha okuhlakaniphile, ungenza insimbi eluhlaza ibe yinto evamile entsha.

Ungasiza ukwenza umhlaba uhlanzeke ngokukhetha insimbi eluhlaza. Kunezinkinga ezithile kanye nezinto ezisizayo:

Ungasiza ngokusebenzisana nezinkampani, abaholi, nabantu abatshala imali. Nazi ezinye izinto ongazenza:

• Yenza uhlelo lwezimboni ezihlanzekile.

• Siza abantu bathenge insimbi eluhlaza ngokusebenzisa imali kahulumeni nemivuzo.

• Sekela ukugaywa kabusha futhi uqiniseke ukuthi kunezinsimbi ezilahliwe ezanele.

• Sebenzisa i-hydrogen evuselelekayo kanye nemishini emisha ngokushesha.

• Zama amathuluzi emali njenge-carbon Contracts for Difference.

• Yenza amalebula acacile abonisa ukuthi ingakanani ikhabhoni esensimbi.

Ungasiza insimbi eluhlaza ikhule ngokushesha. Yonke into encane oyenzayo isiza iplanethi.

FAQ

Yini eyenza ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi eluhlaza kuhluke ezindleleni zendabuko?

Ubona ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi eluhlaza kusetshenziswa amandla ahlanzekile ne-hydrogen esikhundleni samalahle. Lolu shintsho lusiza ukuthi usike i-co2. Usebenzisa nezinto ezigaywe kabusha eziningi. Lezi zinyathelo zenza ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi kube ngcono emhlabeni futhi kuphephe kubantu.

Ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi kukuthinta kanjani ukukhishwa kwe-co2?

Ufunda ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi kudala i-co2 eningi. Izindlela ezindala zisebenzisa amalahle futhi zikhulule i-co2 emoyeni. Ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi eluhlaza kusetshenziswa amalahle amancane namandla ahlanzekile. Le swishi ikusiza ukuthi wehlise i-co2 futhi ivikele imvelo.

Kungani kufanele ukhathalele i-co2 evela ekukhiqizeni insimbi?

Kufanele unakekele ngoba i-co2 evela ekukhiqizeni insimbi ifudumeza iplanethi. Uma usekela ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi eluhlaza, usiza ukubambezela ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Umoya ohlanzekile nomhlaba ophephile kuncike ekukhetheni kwakho.

Ingabe ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi eluhlaza kungahlangabezana nesidingo somhlaba wonke?

Ubona ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi eluhlaza kukhula ngokushesha. Izimboni ezintsha nobuchwepheshe obungcono bukusiza ukuthi wenze insimbi eyengeziwe. Ngokutshalwa kwezimali okwengeziwe, ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi eluhlaza kungahlangabezana nezidingo zabakhi, abenzi bezimoto, nezinye izimboni.

Yini ongayenza ukuze usekele ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi ephansi ye-co2?

Ungacela insimbi eluhlaza uma uthenga imikhiqizo. Ungakwazi ukusekela izinkampani ezisebenzisa ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi ehlanzekile. Ungakwazi futhi ukukhuluma nabaholi mayelana nokwenza imithetho ye-co2 ephansi ekukhiqizeni insimbi.