Kutheni iNtsimbi eluhlaza ilikamva: Imiceli mngeni kunye neZincedisi zokuVelisa iKhabhoni ephantsi

• Ishishini lentsimbi libangela phantse i-8% yokukhutshwa kweCO2 yehlabathi.

• Ezinye iingcali zicinga ukuba ukwenza intsimbi kubangela phakathi kwe-7.2% kunye ne-11% yokukhutshwa kwe-CO2 yehlabathi.

Izinto eziphambili zokuThatha

Intsimbi eluhlaza inokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2 ukuya kuthi ga kwi-95%. Oku kwenza ukuba kubaluleke kakhulu kwihlabathi elicocekileyo. - Ukusebenzisa intsimbi eluhlaza kufuna i-17% yamandla angaphantsi. Ikwasebenzisa amandla ngama-33% ngaphezulu kuneendlela zakudala. - Intsimbi eluhlaza inokunceda ukufikelela kwiinjongo zemozulu. Isenokuthoba ukukhutshwa kweCO2 nge-12% ngonyaka ngamnye ngo-2030. - Kufuneka sityale imali kubuchwepheshe obutsha nakwizakhiwo. Oku kuya kwenza intsimbi eluhlaza kube lula ukuyisebenzisa kwaye ingabizi. - Unokunceda ngokukhetha iimveliso zentsimbi eluhlaza. Unako kwakhona ukuxhasa imithetho enceda ukwenza intsimbi ecocekileyo.

Intsimbi eluhlaza kunye nefuthe layo

Yintoni Intsimbi eluhlaza

Unokubuza ukuba insimbi eluhlaza ayifani njani nentsimbi eqhelekileyo. Iindlela zakudala zokwenza intsimbi isebenzise iziko eziqhumayo kunye nesiseko seoksijini. Ezi ndlela zithumela phantse iitoni ezimbini zeCO2 ngetoni nganye yentsimbi eyenziweyo. Intsimbi eluhlaza isebenzisa amanyathelo ahlukeneyo. Isebenzisa ukurisayikilisha okuninzi kunye namalahle amancinci. Iinkampani zisebenzisa ukucuthwa ngokuthe ngqo kwentsimbi yentsimbi kunye nokufakelwa kombane. La manyathelo anokusebenzisa amandla ahlaziyekayo. Intsimbi eluhlaza nayo isebenzisa isinyithi esilahliweyo. Oku kuthetha inkcitho encinci kunye nokukhutshwa okumbalwa. Intsimbi eluhlaza ingcono kwimo engqongileyo kuneendlela zakudala.

Ukukhutshwa kunye neeNzuzo zaMandla

Ukuba ukhetha intsimbi eluhlaza, unceda ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kweCO2 ukuya kuthi ga kwi-95%. Eli linyathelo elikhulu kwimveliso ehambelana nemozulu. Intsimbi eluhlaza yenza i-greenhouse gas encinci kuneendlela zakudala. Kukho nezinye izinto ezintle:

• Usebenzisa amandla angaphantsi nge-17%.

• Le nkqubo inamandla ngama-33% ngaphezulu.

• Ukurisayikilisha kunceda ukonga amandla kwaye kucuthwe inkunkuma.

Nalu ujongo olulula kwiinzuzo eziphambili zokusingqongileyo:

Kutheni iGreen Steel ibalulekile

Xa uxhasa intsimbi eluhlaza, unceda ihlabathi lifikelele kwiinjongo zemozulu. Iinkampani ezininzi zifuna ukunqumla ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2 phakathi kuka-2025 no-2060. Ukuba zenza oku, ishishini lensimbi linganciphisa ukukhutshwa kweCO2 ngonyaka ukuya kuthi ga kwi-12% ngo-2030 kunye ne-39% ngo-2050. Intsimbi eluhlaza inceda ukwenza izinto ngendlela engcono emhlabeni. Ikwadala imisebenzi emitsha kubuchwephesha obucocekileyo. Ukurisayikilisha kunye namandla acocekileyo anceda namanye amashishini. Wenza umahluko xa ukhetha intsimbi eyenziwe ngongcoliseko oluncinci kunye nokunyamekela ngakumbi iplanethi.

Isidingo seMveliso yeNtsimbi yeCarbon ephantsi

Impembelelo yokusiNgqongileyo yeMveliso yeNsimbi

Abantu abaninzi abazi ukuba intsimbi iyonakalisa njani iplanethi. Ukwenziwa kwentsimbi kubeka malunga ne-3.7 gigatonnes ye-CO2 ngonyaka. Oku kumalunga ne-11% yayo yonke i-CO2 ehlabathini. Uninzi lwale nto luvela kwiindlela zakudala zokuqhunyiswa kwesithando somlilo. Iifektri zentsimbi nazo zithumela ezinye izinto ezimbi. Ezi ziquka i-volatile organic compounds, i-particulate matter, kunye neegesi ze-greenhouse. Ezi zinto zinokwenza umoya ube mdaka. Umoya omdaka unokubangela iingxaki zempilo ezifana ne-asthma kunye ne-bronchitis. Xa izityalo zentsimbi zikhupha isulfure dioxide kunye nenitrogen oxides, imvula eneasidi inokwenzeka. Imvula eneasidi iyonakalisa imilambo, amachibi nomhlaba. Oku kungonakalisa izityalo nezilwanyana.

• Ukwenza intsimbi kuvelisa i-3.7 gigatonnes yeCO2 ngonyaka.

• Eli shishini libangela i-7% ukuya kwi-11% ye-CO2 yehlabathi.

• I-China yenza ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sentsimbi yehlabathi.

Iinjongo zeMozulu yeHlabathi kunye noxinzelelo lweShishini

Ehlabathini lonke abantu bafuna ukukhutshwa okuphantsi. Oorhulumente abaninzi benza imithetho engqongqo. Amazwe enza izithembiso xa ayetyikitya iSivumelwano seMozulu saseParis. Ukufikelela kwiinjongo zabo, kufuneka benze imithetho emitsha kwiinkampani.

Kukho uxinzelelo olongezelelekileyo lokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo ngoku. Oku kuvela kwimithetho karhulumente, into efunwa ngabathengi, kwaye inkampani ithembisa ukuba iluhlaza.

Ngenxa yale minxeba, saqala i-GSCC® ngo-2022. Kulo nyaka uphelileyo, saqala ukusebenza kunye ukuze sihlangabezane neenjongo zesiVumelwano seMozulu saseParis esisi-1.5 seqondo ngo-2050.

Unyaka ngamnye, kukho imithetho emininzi yentsimbi ecocekileyo. Iinkampani kunye namazwe afuna ukuhlangabezana neenjongo zemozulu kwaye alandele imithetho emitsha.

Abaqhubi bezoQoqosho nezeNtlalo

Unceda ukufudukela kwintsimbi yekhabhoni ephantsi. Oorhulumente basebenzisa imithetho kunye nemivuzo, njengoMthetho wokuNcitshiswa kokunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye noMthetho woMoya ococekileyo, ukutyhala intsimbi eluhlaza. Abantu nabasebenzi bafuna umoya ococekileyo nemisebenzi engcono. Abanye baxhalatyiswa kukuphelelwa yimisebenzi okanye iinkampani ezikhathalele ingeniso ekhawulezileyo. Xa oorhulumente bethenga intsimbi eluhlaza okanye iinkampani ezinkulu ezifana nabenzi beemoto abazikhethayo, imarike iyakhula. Ukuthatha uncedo olungalunganga lwentsimbi endala kunokwenza intsimbi eluhlaza ingabizi kakhulu.

Umba	Inkcazo
Izixhobo zikaRhulumente	Imithetho kunye nemivuzo inceda ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwentsimbi.
Inkxaso yoLuntu	Abasebenzi kunye namaqela bafuna imisebenzi ekhuselekileyo, ecocekileyo.
Imingeni yeMarike	Abanye baxhalatyiswa kukuphelelwa ngumsebenzi okanye ukucinga kwexesha elifutshane ziinkampani.

Imiceli mngeni yoKwamkelwa kweNsimbi eluhlaza

Itekhnoloji kunye noBonelelo lweHydrojeni

Ubona iteknoloji entsha njengenxalenye ephambili yentsimbi eluhlaza. Okwangoku, ukwenza i-hydrogen steelmaking kunye nobunye ubuchwepheshe bokwenza intsimbi abukalungeli ngokupheleleyo kwiifektri ezinkulu. Udinga utyalo-mali olukhulu ukwakha izityalo ezisebenzisa i-hydrogen kunye ne-arc furnaces yombane. Ezi ndlela zintsha zibiza kakhulu kuneendlela zakudala. Ukwafuna ubonelelo oluzinzileyo lwamandla ahlaziyekayo kunye ne-carbon hydrogen ephantsi. Oku kunzima kuba iindawo ezininzi azikabinawo amandla acocekileyo aneleyo okanye ihydrogen okwangoku.

• Uhlawula iindleko eziphezulu zeteknoloji entsha.

• Ulinda iindlela zetsimbi eziluhlaza ukuba zithembeke ngakumbi.

• Udinga iziseko ezingcono zamandla avuselelekayo kunye ne-hydrogen.

• Kufuneka usombulule iingxaki zekhonkco lokubonelela ngentsimbi ekrwada ecocekileyo kunye nothutho.

Imarike yentsimbi eluhlaza ye-hydrogen-based ikhula ngokukhawuleza. Amazwe amaninzi afuna ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa, ngoko batyala imali kwi-hydrogen eluhlaza. Iingcali zicinga ukuba le marike iya kukhula ngaphezu kwe-20% ngonyaka ngamnye kule minyaka ilishumi izayo. Uyabona ukuba i-hydrogen eluhlaza ibaluleke kakhulu ekwenzeni umsebenzi wentsimbi eluhlaza kwixesha elizayo.

Iindleko eziphezulu kunye nezithintelo zeMarike

Uyabona ukuba intsimbi eluhlaza ixabisa ngaphezu kwentsimbi eqhelekileyo. Namhlanje, uhlawula malunga ne-40% ngaphezulu kwintsimbi eluhlaza. Kwezinye iindawo, njengeTshayina, iindleko ezongezelelweyo zinokuba ngama-$225 ngetoni nganye ukuba i-hydrogen iyabiza. Ngo-2050, iingcali zicinga ukuba intsimbi eluhlaza inokubiza ngaphantsi kwensimbi esekwe kwifosili. Ukuba amaxabiso e-hydrogen awela ngaphantsi kweedola ezi-2 ngekhilogram, insimbi eluhlaza inokuhambelana nexabiso lentsimbi endala.

• Uyabona ukuba iindleko ziyatshintsha ngokwelizwe.

• Uhlawula ngakumbi umbane kunye nezixhobo ezitsha.

• Udinga intsimbi ekhethekileyo, kodwa ngaphantsi kwe-5% yobonelelo lwehlabathi lulungile ngokwaneleyo kwintsimbi eluhlaza.

• Udinga umbane omninzi, nto leyo ethetha ukuba udinga iziseko zoncedo ezingcono zamandla.

• Ufumanisa ukuba i-hydrogen eluhlaza inqabile, yenza ngaphantsi kwe-0.1% yayo yonke i-hydrogen eyenziwe namhlanje.

• Awunakufumana intsimbi eyaneleyo yentsimbi, njengoko imfuno iyanda kwaye amanye amazwe azigcinela i-scrap yawo.

EYurophu, le mingeni icace gca. Uhlawula ngakumbi amandla kwaye kufuneka ufumane imithombo emitsha yamandla acocekileyo. Kananjalo ukhuphisana ngentsimbi ekrwada ekumgangatho ophezulu kunye nentsimbi ekrwada. Ezi zithintelo zeemarike zenza kube nzima kuwe ukutshintshela kwintsimbi eluhlaza ngokukhawuleza.

Imiba yeziseko ezingundoqo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo

Udinga iziseko eziqinileyo zokuxhasa intsimbi eluhlaza. Ukwakha amaziko ombane amatsha kunye neefektri zehydrogen kubiza kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, ukwenza iitoni ezisisigidi zentsimbi nyaka ngamnye, unokuchitha ngaphezu kweebhiliyoni ezintlanu zeerandi zaseOstreliya kumaziko ombane. Oku kungaphezulu kwento oyichitha kwezinye iindawo zesityalo. Kufuneka ukhethe iindawo ezinamandla ahlaziyekayo ngexabiso eliphantsi ukonga imali. Ukwenza itoni enye yentsimbi nge-hydrogen yokunciphisa ngokuthe ngqo kusebenzisa phantse i-3.6 megawatt-iiyure zombane. Udinga uphuculo olukhulu kwiinkqubo zakho zamandla ukujongana nale nto.

Ukwajongene nemingeni yomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nolawulo. Amazwe amaninzi awavumelani ngento ebaluleke njengentsimbi eluhlaza. Eminye imithetho ivumela iinkampani ukuba zibize intsimbi yazo eluhlaza nokuba ayicocekanga kakhulu. Izithintelo zorhwebo zenza kube nzima ukufumana intsimbi esetyenzisiweyo ukusuka kwamanye amazwe. Ezi ngxaki zinciphisa ukuhamba kwintsimbi eluhlaza.

Qaphela: Unokunceda ngokucela imithetho ecacileyo kunye nenkxaso engcono koorhulumente. Xa uxhasa imigaqo-nkqubo eqinile, wenza kube lula ukuba intsimbi eluhlaza ikhule.

Uyabona ukuba le mingeni mikhulu, kodwa ayinakwenzeka ukuyisombulula. Ukuba usebenza nabanye, utyala imali kwitekhnoloji entsha, kwaye utyhale imithetho engcono, unokunceda intsimbi eluhlaza ibe ngumgangatho omtsha.

IiCatalysts zokuKhula kwentsimbi eluhlaza

ITekhnoloji ecocekileyo kunye ne-Hydrogen Innovation

Itekhnoloji entsha iyatshintsha indlela eyenziwe ngayo intsimbi. I-hydrogen ecocekileyo kunye nokufudumeza kombane kunceda ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa. Ezi zixhobo zibaluleke kakhulu ekwenzeni intsimbi ngongcoliseko oluncinci. Nazi ezinye iimbono ezintsha:

• Ukwenziwa kwesinyithi esekwe kwi-Hydrogen kunceda ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezininzi.

• Ukufudumeza kombane kuthetha ukuba usebenzisa amafutha efosili encinane.

• Iindlela ezintsha zokwenza intsimbi inokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-30% ngo-2050.

ICanada inkokeli ekuthengiseni ngaphandle kwentsimbi eluhlaza. Oku kungenxa yokuba inentsimbi eninzi kunye namandla acocekileyo. Ezinye iiprojekthi zovavanyo ngoku zithatha i-80-90% ye-CO2. Ukusebenzisa amandla anekhabhoni ephantsi kunokunciphisa iigesi zegreenhouse ngesiqingatha. Iindleko eziphezulu kunye neenguqu ezinzima ziseyingxaki. Kodwa imigaqo-nkqubo emihle kunye nokusebenzisana kweqela kunceda abantu baqhubeke.

Inkxaso yoMgaqo-nkqubo kunye neNkuthazo

Imithetho eyomeleleyo kunye nemivuzo evela kurhulumente inceda kakhulu. Ezi zinto zenza kube lula ukutyalomali kwintsimbi ecocekileyo. Nantsi imithetho ebalulekileyo:

Amaxabiso ekhabhoni kunye nemivuzo iyayitshintsha indlela abantu abasebenzisa ngayo imali. I-CBAM yenza amazwe asebenzise iindlela ezicocekileyo zokugcina ukuthengisa intsimbi. I-IRA kunye nemithetho yokuthenga ecocekileyo yenza abantu bakhethe intsimbi enongcoliseko oluncinci.

Imfuno yeMarike kunye noTyalo-mali

Imfuno yentsimbi iyatshintsha ngoku. Abakhi bafuna intsimbi eluhlaza kwizakhiwo ezitsha. Abenzi beemoto nabo bafuna intsimbi eninzi njengoko besenza iimoto zombane. Bahlawula ngakumbi intsimbi eluhlaza ukunceda iplanethi.

Abatyali mali bakhangela iindawo ezinamandla acocekileyo aphantsi. IScandinavia kunye neGulf States zilungele iiprojekthi ezintsha. Ezi ndawo zinamandla awoneleyo kwiifektri ezinkulu. Oorhulumente abafana ne-UK bachitha kakhulu ukunceda intsimbi eluhlaza. Imfuno enkulu kunye nemali inceda ukukhula kwentsimbi eluhlaza.

Inkqubela phambili kunye neNdlela ePhambili

Imizekelo ehamba phambili kwiNsimbi eluhlaza

Ungabona inkqubela yokwenyani kwintsimbi eluhlaza emhlabeni jikelele. Amanye amazwe kunye neenkampani zikhokela ngempumelelo enkulu. Nantsi ukujonga ngokukhawuleza:

• I-Baowu Steel Group yase-China ikhokela iqela leenkampani ezingama-62. Bafuna ukufikelela kwincopho yokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ngo-2023 kwaye banqumle ngama-30% ngo-2035.

• Iqela leFortescue Metals eOstreliya liceba ukwakha iplanti yokulinga intsimbi yokuqala kweli lizwe.

Unokufunda kwiprojekthi ye-HYBRIT eSweden. Le projekthi isebenzisa i-hydrogen eluhlaza ukwenza intsimbi engenafosili. Iqela elisemva kwe-HYBRIT-SSAB, LKAB, kunye neVattenfall-sele lenze isinyithi sokuqala se-fossil-free. Iprojekthi ye-HYBRIT Demonstration ijolise ekwenzeni malunga ne-1.3 yezigidi zeetoni ze-fossil-free metal nyaka ngamnye. Oku malunga nekota yonke intsimbi eyenziwe eSweden. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka elishumi, le projekthi inokumisa ngaphezu kwe-14 yezigidi zeetoni ze-CO₂ ekungeneni emoyeni.

Amanyathelo okuSingisa kuMbatho oPhakamileyo

Udlala indima ekwenzeni intsimbi eluhlaza eqhelekileyo. Amazwe amaninzi ngoku agxile kwi-hydrogen njengenxalenye ephambili yezicwangciso zabo zentsimbi. I-Indiya isebenzisa i-hydrogen eluhlaza ukunceda ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo. Xa usebenzisa iindlela ze-hydrogen-based DRI-EAF ngamandla ahlaziyekayo, unokuthoba ukukhutshwa okuthe ngqo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-90%.

Nanga amanye amanyathelo owabona esenzeka ngoku:

• Iinkampani zakha izityalo ezilingwayo kwaye zivavanya iindlela ezintsha zokwenza intsimbi.

• Oorhulumente banika umvuzo kwaye babeke imithetho yokunceda intsimbi eluhlaza ikhule.

• Amaqela oluntu kunye nabucala asebenza kunye ukwakha izakhiwo ze-hydrogen.

• Ngo-2030, ukusebenzisa i-hydrogen kunokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwensimbi nge-30% xa kuthelekiswa ne-2023. Oku kuthetha ukuba i-50 yezigidi zeetoni ezimbalwa ze-CO₂ ngonyaka.

Imarike yentsimbi eluhlaza iya kukhula ngokukhawuleza ukusuka ku-2026 ukuya ku-2032. Uza kubona ubungakanani bemarike phantse ngokuphindwe kabini, bufikelela ngaphezu kwe-54 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni ngo-2032. Izenzo ze-European Union ziya kunceda ukukhawulezisa olu tshintsho.

Unceda ukubumba ikamva ngokukhetha intsimbi eluhlaza kunye nokuxhasa imibono emitsha. Ngokusebenzisana kunye nokukhetha okuhlakaniphile, unokwenza intsimbi eluhlaza ibe yinto entsha yesiqhelo.

Unokunceda ukwenza ihlabathi licoceke ngokukhetha intsimbi eluhlaza. Kukho iingxaki kunye nezinto eziluncedo:

Unokunceda ngokusebenza neenkampani, iinkokeli, kunye nabantu abatyala imali. Nazi ezinye izinto onokuzenza:

• Yenza isicwangciso semizi-mveliso ecocekileyo.

• Nceda abantu bathenge intsimbi eluhlaza ngokusebenzisa imali karhulumente kunye nemivuzo.

• Xhasa ukusetyenzwa kwakhona kwaye uqinisekise ukuba kukho isinyithi esaneleyo esaneleyo.

• Sebenzisa i-hydrogen enokuhlaziywa ngakumbi kunye noomatshini abatsha ngokukhawuleza.

• Zama izixhobo zemali ezifana ne-carbon Contracts for Difference.

• Yenza iilebhile ezicacileyo ezibonisa ubungakanani bekhabhoni ekwintsimbi.

Unokunceda intsimbi eluhlaza ikhule ngokukhawuleza. Yonke into encinci oyenzayo inceda iplanethi.

FAQ

Yintoni eyenza imveliso yentsimbi eluhlaza yahluke kwiindlela zemveli?

Ubona imveliso yentsimbi eluhlaza isebenzisa amandla acocekileyo kunye ne-hydrogen endaweni yamalahle. Olu tshintsho lukunceda ukuba usike i-co2. Ukwasebenzisa imathiriyeli esetyenzisiweyo. La manyathelo enza imveliso yentsimbi ibe ngcono kwiplanethi kwaye ikhuseleke kubantu.

Ukuveliswa kwentsimbi kukuchaphazela njani ukukhutshwa kwe-co2?

Ufunda ukuba imveliso yensimbi idala i-co2 eninzi. Iindlela ezindala zisebenzisa amalahle kunye nokukhulula i-co2 emoyeni. Imveliso yentsimbi eluhlaza isebenzisa amalahle amancinci kunye namandla acocekileyo. Olu tshintsho lunceda ukuba unciphise i-co2 kwaye ukhusele indalo.

Kutheni ufanele ukhathalele i-co2 evela kwimveliso yensimbi?

Kufuneka ukhathalele kuba i-co2 evela kwimveliso yentsimbi ifudumeza iplanethi. Xa uxhasa imveliso yentsimbi eluhlaza, unceda ukutshintsha kwemozulu ngokukhawuleza. Umoya ococekileyo kunye nehlabathi elikhuselekileyo lixhomekeke kukhetho lwakho.

Ngaba imveliso yentsimbi eluhlaza ingahlangabezana neemfuno zehlabathi?

Ubona imveliso yentsimbi eluhlaza ikhula ngokukhawuleza. Iifektri ezintsha kunye netekhnoloji engcono ikunceda wenze intsimbi eninzi. Ngotyalo-mali olungaphezulu, imveliso yentsimbi eluhlaza inokuhlangabezana neemfuno zabakhi, abenzi beemoto, kunye namanye amashishini.

Yintoni ongayenza ukuxhasa imveliso yentsimbi ephantsi-co2?

Unokucela intsimbi eluhlaza xa uthenga iimveliso. Unokuxhasa iinkampani ezisebenzisa imveliso yentsimbi ecocekileyo. Unokuthetha neenkokheli malunga nokwenza imithetho ye-co2 ephantsi kwimveliso yensimbi.