Nnianimu
Wɔ ahemman a ɛfa nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma ho nhyehyɛe mu no, ntease a wobenya wɔ akwan a wɔfa so sesa nneɛma ho no ho hia kɛse ma nhyehyɛe a wɔyɛ de yɛ mmara a ɛyɛ den na wotumi hwɛ so. Adwene a ɛfa ahobammɔ ne kokoam kwan a wɔfa so nya nneɛma ho no di dwuma titiriw wɔ encapsulation mu, nnyinasosɛm titiriw a ɛhwɛ ma ade bi tebea yɛ pɛ. Wɔn a wɔyɛ no taa di apere wɔ paw a wɔbɛpaw saa nsakrae abien yi mu na ama wɔakari pɛ wɔ akwan a wɔfa so nya ne ahobammɔ wɔ wɔn application ahorow no mu no ho. Saa asɛm yi hwehwɛ ankasa asɔremma a wɔabɔ wɔn ho ban no mu nsɛm nketenkete mu , na ɛhwehwɛ nea ɛkyerɛ wɔ nhyehyɛe kasa ahorow mu.
Nteaseɛ a ɛfa Access Modifiers ho
Access modifiers yɛ nsɛmfua titiriw a wɔde di dwuma wɔ kasa a ɛfa nneɛma ho mu de hyehyɛ sɛnea wobetumi anya adesua, akwan, ne nsakrae ahorow. Wɔkyerɛkyerɛ sɛnea wobetumi anya adesuakuw bi mufo wɔ dwumadi no afã afoforo mu. Nneɛma a wɔsesa kwan titiriw no bi ne public , protected , private , na ɛtɔ mmere bi a default anaa internal , a egyina kasa no so.
Ɔmanfoɔ Nkɔsoɔ Nsakraeɛ
Asɔremma a wɔakyerɛ sɛ wɔyɛ ɔmanfo no , wobetumi afi adesuakuw foforo biara mu akɔ hɔ. Saa kwan a wɔfa so nya kwan yi ma kwan ma wonya kwan a ɛtrɛw sen biara nanso ebetumi ama nkitahodi a wɔanhyɛ da ne encapsulation a wɔatew so aba.
Private Access Modifier a Ɛyɛ Nsɛm a Wɔka Kyerɛ
no Private access modifier siw adesuakuw no mufo a wotumi hu wɔn no ano hye wɔ adesuakuw a wɔabɔ wɔn amanneɛ wɔ mu no mu. Wei hwɛ ma encapsulation a ɛkorɔn, siw abɔnten adesuakuw ahorow kwan sɛ wɔbɛkɔ tẽẽ anaasɛ wɔbɛsesa saa asɔremma yi.
Protected Access Modifier a Wɔabɔ ho ban
Asɔremma a wɔwɔ modifier a wɔabɔ ho ban no , wotumi kɔ wɔn ankasa adesuakuw mu ne adesuakuw a wonya fii mu no so. Saa kwan a wɔfa so nya kwan yi kari pɛ wɔ ankorankoro ne ɔmanfo ntam , ɛma adesuakuw nketewa tumi de dwumadi di dwuma na wɔtrɛw mu bere a wɔkura encapsulation bi mu.
Private vs. Protected: Nsonsonoe Titiriw
Nsonsonoeɛ titire a ɛda kokoam ne ahobanbɔ kwan a wɔfa so sesa nneɛma ntam no gyina akwan a wɔfa so kɔ hɔ a wɔde ma subclasses ne abɔnten classes.
Nneɛma a wobetumi anya wɔ Subclasses mu
Private members no ntumi nkɔ mu wɔ subclasses mu, sɛ mpo subclass no wɔ package anaa module koro no ara mu a. Wei kyerɛ sɛ akwan anaa nsakraeɛ a wɔabɔ no dawuro sɛ ɛyɛ kokoam no ntumi nnye agyapadeɛ anaasɛ wɔmfa nni dwuma tẽẽ wɔ derived classes mu. Nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira no, wotumi nya wɔn ankasa asɔremma a wɔabɔ wɔn ho ban wɔ akuw nketewa mu, na ɛma agyapade ne polymorphism tumi yɛ adwuma yiye.
Encapsulation ne Ahobammɔ
a wɔde di dwuma no Private members ma encapsulation nya nkɔso denam implementation nsɛm a wɔde sie fi classes afoforo nyinaa mu no so. Eyi betumi asiw ntwitwiridii a wɔanhyɛ da ano nanso ebetumi asiw ntrɛwmu ano. Ɔkwan foforo so no, asɔremma a wɔabɔ wɔn ho ban no da nsɛm bi adi kyerɛ akuw nketewa, na ɛma ntrɛwmu yɛ mmerɛw nanso sɛ wɔamfa ahwɛyiye anhwɛ so a, ebetumi de asiane aba sɛ wɔde encapsulation bɛto mu.
Nneɛma a Wɔde Di Dwuma a Mfaso
Sɛ wobɛpaw nea wɔabɔ ho ban ne nea ɛyɛ kokoam a , egyina softwea a wɔreyɛ no ahwehwɛde pɔtee so.
Bere a Ɛsɛ sɛ wode Private Di Dwuma
Fa private di dwuma bere a wopɛ sɛ wohyɛ encapsulation a ɛyɛ katee no. Eyi fata ma utility methods anaa variables a ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔsesa anaasɛ wɔkɔ mu wɔ class no akyi. Ɛbɔ tebea a ɛwɔ mu no ho ban na ɛhwɛ sɛ nsakrae a wɔyɛ wɔ adesuakuw no mu no rennya akyi adesuakuw ahorow no so nkɛntɛnso.
Bere a Ɛsɛ sɛ wode Protected Di Dwuma
Paw w’ankasa asɔremma a wɔabɔ wɔn ho ban bere a woreyɛ adesuakuw bi a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ ama agyapade ho nhyehyɛe no. Wei ma subclasses tumi kɔ na wɔsesa saa asɔremma yi, na ɛhyɛ mmara a wɔsan de di dwuma ne ntrɛwmu ho nkuran. Ɛho hia wɔ nhyehyɛe ne nhomakorabea ahorow a ntrɛwmu yɛ ade titiriw a ɛhaw adwene.
Nhwɛso ahorow wɔ Programming Kasa Ahorow mu
Sɛnea kasa ahodoɔ de saa akwan a wɔfa so nya kwan yi di dwuma no nteaseɛ ho hia ma kasa ahodoɔ nkɔsoɔ ne tumi a ɛwɔ nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛfa nneɛma so no nyinaa a wɔde bedi dwuma.
Java
Wɔ Java mu no, ahobanbɔ kwan a wɔfa so sesa no ma wotumi hu wɔ paket koro no ara mu ne subclasses sɛ mpo ɛwɔ paket ahorow mu a. Private modifier no siw kwan a wɔfa so kɔ declaring class no nkutoo so. Nhwɛso bi ni:
public class Ɔwofo {
wɔabɔ ho ban void display() {
// Ɔkwan a wɔabɔ ho ban
}
}
public class Abofra trɛw Ɔwofo {
public void show() {
display(); // Wotumi kɔ hɔ
}
}
C++ na ɛyɛ
C++ di nhyehyeɛ a ɛte saa ara akyi, nanso wɔde agyapadeɛ kwan a wɔfa so kɔ mu no kyerɛ. Wotumi nya asɔremma a wɔabɔ wɔn ho ban wɔ adesuakuw a wonya fi mu mu, bere a ankorankoro asɔremma no ntumi nkɔ hɔ.
class Base {
wɔabɔ ho ban:
int wɔabɔ ho banVar;
kokoam:
int kokoamVar;
};
class Derived : ɔmanfo Base {
void adwuma () {
wɔabɔ ho banVar = 1; // Wotumi kɔ hɔ
privateVar = 1; // Ɛnyɛ nea wobetumi akɔ hɔ
}
};
Nkyerɛkyerɛmu a ɛfa Software Design ho
Sɛ wopaw nea wɔabɔ ho ban ne kokoam a , ɛka wo mmara no mu nsakrae ne ahobammɔ.
Ntrɛwmu
Sɛ wode w’ankasa asɔremma a wɔabɔ wɔn ho ban di dwuma a, ɛma wo adesua ahorow no ntrɛwmu yɛ kɛse. Subclasses betumi anya agyapade na wɔde saa asɔremma yi adi dwuma de akyekye dwumadi a ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw no a wɔrensesa base class no.
Nsiesie
Class internals a wɔda no adi dodo a wɔabɔ ho ban no betumi de nsɛnnennen aba wɔ nsiesie mu. Nsakraeɛ a ɛba base class no mu no bɛtumi anya subclasses so nkɛntɛnsoɔ wɔ akwan a wɔnhunu so, na ama codebase no ayɛ den sɛ wɔbɛhwɛ so.
Nneyɛe a Ɛyɛ Paara
Nneyɛe pa a wodi so no hwɛ hu sɛ sɛnea wode access modifiers bedi dwuma no ma wo code no yɛ kɛse sen sɛ ebesiw kwan.
Fa Nneɛma a Wɔahyehyɛ no Anim Sen Agyapade
Sɛ wɔde wɔn ho to asɔremma so dodo a a wɔabɔ wɔn ho ban , ebetumi akyerɛ sɛ wɔanya agyapade dodo. Susuw ho sɛ wode composition bedi dwuma na ama woanya code a wɔde bedi dwuma bio, a mpɛn pii no ɛde code a ɛyɛ mmerɛw na wotumi siesie ba.
Minimal Necessary Access a Ɛho Hia
Ma hokwan a ɛba fam koraa a wɔhwehwɛ no. Sɛ ɛho nhia sɛ subclasses kɔ asɔremma bi so a, ma no nyɛ kokoam . Saa adeyɛ yi brɛ nkɛntɛnso bɔne a ebetumi aba a wɔanhyɛ da no ase.
Nsɛm a Wɔayɛ ho Nhwehwɛmu
Wiase ankasa mu nsɛm a wɔhwehwɛ mu a na akwan a wɔfa so sesa nneɛma a wɔpaw no nyaa nkɛntɛnso kɛse no betumi ama wɔanya nhumu a ɛsom bo.
Nneɛma a Wɔabue Mu
Frameworks pii da wɔn ankasa asɔremma a wɔabɔ wɔn ho ban adi ma ɛma developers kwan ma wɔtrɛw base classes mu. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, wɔ wɛb frameworks mu no, base controller classes taa nya akwan a wɔabɔ ho ban a wɔbɛtumi abɔ so de asiesie suban.
Ahobammɔ a Wɔbu So a Efi Nneɛma a Wɔda no Di Dwuma Mu
Nsɛm bi aba a wɔde akwan a wɔabɔ ho ban a wɔde di dwuma ɔkwammɔne so no de ahobammɔ ho mmerɛwyɛ bae. Subclasses kɔɔ na wɔsesaa base class internals wɔ akwan a wɔanhyɛ da so, na ɛde instability ne breaches bae.
Nkɛntɛnso a Kasa mu Nneɛma Ahorow Nya
Kasa pɔtee bi mu nneɛma betumi anya sɛnea access modifiers yɛ wɔn ade so nkɛntɛnso na ɛsɛ sɛ wosusuw ho bere a wɔreyɛ software no.
Adamfo Adesua wɔ C++ mu
C++ de adwene a ɛfa adamfo adesua ne dwumadie ho ba, a ɛtumi kɔ adesua foforɔ mu kokoam ne wɔn a wɔabɔ wɔn ho ban. Saa ade yi de nsɛnnennen ka access control ho na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde di dwuma wɔ anifere kwan so.
Nsusuwii wɔ Java ne C# mu.
Kasa te sɛ Java ne C# ma kwan ma wosusuw nneɛma ho, a ebetumi anya kokoam asɔremma wɔ runtime mu. Bere a tumi yi wɔ tumi no, ebetumi asɛe akwan a wɔfa so kɔ hɔ no na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde ahwɛyiye di ho dwuma.
Sɔhwɛ ne Access Modifiers
Access modifiers betumi aka tumi a wɔde sɔ code hwɛ yiye.
Ankorankoro Asɔremma a Wɔbɛsɔ Ahwɛ
Mpɛn pii no, wɔmma ankorankoro asɔremma a wɔbɛsɔ ahwɛ tẽẽ no abam. Mmom no, ɛsɛ sɛ sɔhwɛ ahorow no twe adwene si ɔmanfo ntam nkitahodi ahorow so. Nanso, ɛtɔ mmere bi a eyi betumi ama ayɛ den sɛ wobenya code coverage a edi mũ.
Asɔremma a Wɔabɔ Wɔn Ho Ban wɔ Sɔhwɛ mu
Sɛ wode wɔn ankasa asɔremma a wɔabɔ wɔn ho ban di dwuma a, ebetumi ama sɔhwɛ ayɛ mmerɛw denam sɔhwɛ nketewa a wɔbɛma kwan ma wɔanya kwan na wɔasesa base class suban no so. Saa kwan yi betumi ayɛ mfasoɔ nanso ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde di dwuma yie na wɔakwati sɛ wɔde nneɛma a egyina dwumadie ho nsɛm so bɛba.
Refactoring ne Access Modifiers a wɔde yɛ nneɛma foforo
Refactoring code betumi ayɛ sɛ wɔbɛsesa access modifiers de ama nhyehyɛe ne nsiesie atu mpɔn.
Nneɛma a Wotumi Kɔ So a Wɔtew So
Wɔ refactoring mu no, susuw ho sɛ wobɛtew asɔremma kwan a wɔfa so fi ɔmanfo anaa wɔabɔ wɔn ho ban so kɔ ankorankoro so sɛ ɛho nhia bio sɛ wonya kwan a ɛtrɛw a. Saa adeyɛ yi ma encapsulation yɛ kɛse na ɛtew asiane a ɛwɔ nkitahodi a wɔanhyɛ da mu no so.
Nsakrae a Wobebue a Wobɛkwati
Sɛ woresakra akwan a wɔfa so nya nneɛma wɔ ɔmanfo API mu a, hwɛ yiye wɔ nsakrae a wobɛsɛe no ho. Sɛ wotew accessibility so a, ebetumi ama compilation mfomso aba code a egyina wo API so.
Nsɛmti a Ɛkɔ Anim
Nsusuwii a ɛkɔ akyiri a wɔhwehwɛ mu no betumi ama ntease ne dwumadie a ɛfa akwan a wɔfa so sesa nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma ho no mu ayɛ den.
Access Modifiers wɔ Design Patterns mu
Nsusuwii a wɔde yɛ nneɛma taa kyerɛ sɛnea wobetumi anya kwan pɔtee bi. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, Singleton nhwɛsoɔ no hwehwɛ sɛ private constructor bi siw instantiation a ɛfiri adesua no akyi ano.
Nsakraeɛ a ɛwɔ Multithreading mu
Wɔ multithreaded applications mu no, access modifiers di dwuma wɔ thread ahobammɔ mu. Private members betumi asiw concurrent access nsɛm ano nanso wohia synchronized access bere a wɔkyɛ wɔ threads so.
Awie
Nsonsonoeɛ a ɛda ahobanbɔ ne kokoam kwan a wɔfa so kɔ mu nsakraeɛ ntam nteaseɛ ho hia na ama woakyerɛw mmara a ɛtu mpɔn a ɛfa nneɛma ho. Bere a kokoam hwɛ hu sɛ encapsulation a ɛsen biara no, wɔn ankasa asɔremma a wɔabɔ wɔn ho ban no de kari pɛ ma denam ma a wɔma kwan ma wɔde subclass kɔ mu no so. Gyinaesi a ɛwɔ nimdeɛ a ɛfa akwan a wɔfa so kɔ hɔ ho no ma mmara no ahobammɔ, sɛnea wotumi siesie, ne sɛnea wɔtrɛw mu no yɛ kɛse.
Ɛdenam nneyɛe pa a wodi so na wosusuw nea nsakrae biara kyerɛ so no, wɔn a wɔyɛ no betumi ayɛ softwea nhyehyɛe a ɛyɛ den na ɛyɛ mmerɛw. Leveraging the appropriate access modifier yɛ ahokokwaw a ɛho hia a ɛboa ma software nnwuma nyinaa yɛ papa na edi nkonim.
