Isingeniso
Emkhakheni wohlelo olugxile entweni, ukuqonda izilungisi zokufinyelela kubalulekile ekuklameni ikhodi eqinile negcinekayo. Imiqondo yamazinga okufinyelela avikelekile nayimfihlo adlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlanganiseni, umgomo oyisisekelo oqinisekisa ubuqotho besimo sento. Onjiniyela bavame ukubhekana nokukhetha phakathi kwalezi zilungisi ezimbili ukuze balinganisele ukufinyeleleka nokuvikeleka ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo zabo zokusebenza. Lesi sihloko sidingida ama-nuances amalungu avikelekile , ihlola imithelela yawo ngezilimi ezahlukahlukene zokuhlela.
Ukuqonda Izilungisi Zokufinyelela
Izilungisi zokufinyelela zingamagama angukhiye asetshenziswa ezilimini ezigxile entweni ukuze kusethwe ukufinyeleleka kwamakilasi, izindlela, nokuguquguquka. Bachaza ukuthi amalungu ekilasi angafinyelelwa kanjani kwezinye izingxenye zohlelo. Izilungisi zokufinyelela eziyinhloko zifaka ngumphakathi , okuvikelwe , okuyimfihlo , futhi ngezinye izikhathi okuzenzakalelayo noma kwangaphakathi , kuye ngolimi.
I-Public Access Modifier
Amalungu amenyezelwe njengasesidlangalaleni ayatholakala kunoma yiliphi elinye ikilasi. Leli zinga lokufinyeleleka livumela ukufinyelela okubanzi ngangokunokwenzeka kodwa kungaholela ekusebenzelaneni okungahlosiwe kanye nokuncipha kwe-encapsulation.
I-Private Access Modifier
Isilungisi sokufinyelela esiyimfihlo sikhawulela ukubonakala kwamalungu ekilasi ekilasini amenyezelwa kulo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa izinga eliphezulu le-encapsulation, ukuvimbela amakilasi angaphandle ekufinyeleleni ngokuqondile noma ekuguquleni lawa malungu.
Isilungisi Sokufinyelela Okuvikelekile
Amalungu anesilungisi esivikelwe afinyeleleka ngaphakathi kwekilasi lawo kanye namakilasi asuselwe. Leli zinga lokufinyelela lithinta ibhalansi phakathi kwemfihlo neyomphakathi , evumela izigaba ezingaphansi ukuthi zisebenzise futhi zandise ukusebenza kuyilapho zigcina izinga elithile lokuhlanganisa.
Okuyimfihlo vs. Okuvikelwe: Umehluko Obalulekile
Umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwezilungisi eziyimfihlo nezivikelekile zokufinyelela usezingeni lokufinyeleleka elinikezwa izigaba ezingaphansi kanye namakilasi angaphandle.
Ukufinyeleleka kuma-Subclass
Amalungu ayimfihlo awafinyeleleki ezigabeni ezingaphansi, ngisho noma i-subclass ingaphakathi kwephakheji noma imojuli efanayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izindlela noma okuhlukile okumenyezelwe njengeziyimfihlo akukwazi ukuzuza njengefa noma kusetshenziswe ngokuqondile ezigabeni ezitholiwe. Ngokuphambene, amalungu avikelekile ayafinyeleleka ngaphakathi kwezigaba ezincane, okuvumela ifa kanye ne-polymorphism ukuthi isebenze ngempumelelo.
Encapsulation and Security
Ukusebenzisa amalungu angasese kuthuthukisa i-encapsulation ngokufihla imininingwane yokusebenzisa kuwo wonke amanye amakilasi. Lokhu kungavimbela ukuphazamiseka okungahlosiwe kodwa kungase kukhawulele ukunwebeka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amalungu avikelwe adalula imininingwane ethile kuma-subclasses, asiza ukunwetshwa kodwa okungaba yingozi ukuhlanganisa uma kungalawulwa ngokucophelela.
Izicelo Ezisebenzayo
Ukukhetha phakathi kokuvikelwe nokuyimfihlo kuncike ezidingweni ezithile zesoftware eyenziwayo.
Isetshenziswa Nini Okuyimfihlo
Sebenzisa okuyimfihlo uma ufuna ukuphoqelela i-encapsulation eqinile. Lokhu kulungele izindlela zokusetshenziswa noma okuhlukile okungafanele kushintshwe noma kufinyelelwe ngaphandle kwekilasi. Ivikela isimo sangaphakathi futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwabangaphakathi bekilasi akuthinti izigaba zangaphandle.
Isikhathi Sokusetshenziswa Okuvikelwe
Khetha amalungu avikelekile lapho uklama ikilasi elihloselwe ifa. Lokhu kuvumela ama-subclass ukuthi afinyelele futhi aguqule lawa malungu, akhuthaze ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwekhodi nokunwetshwa. Kusemqoka ezinhlelweni nasemitatsheni yolwazi lapho ukwandiswa kuwukukhathazeka okubalulekile.
Izibonelo Ezilimini Ezihlukene Zokuhlela
Ukuqonda ukuthi izilimi ezahlukene zizisebenzisa kanjani lezi zilungisi zokufinyelela kubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezilimi ezahlukene kanye nasekusebenziseni amandla aphelele ohlelo olugxile entweni.
Java
Ku-Java, isilungisi sokufinyelela esivikelwe sinikeza ukubonakala ngaphakathi kwephakheji efanayo nasezigabeni ezingaphansi ngisho noma kumaphakheji ahlukene. Isilungisi esiyimfihlo sikhawulela ukufinyelela esigabeni esimemezelayo kuphela. Nasi isibonelo:
Umzali wekilasi lomphakathi {
isibonisi esingenalutho esivikelwe() {
// Indlela evikelwe
}
}
Isigaba esisesidlangalaleni Ingane inweba Umzali {
umbukiso we-void womphakathi () {
display(); // Kuyafinyeleleka
}
}
C++
I-C++ ilandela iphethini efanayo, kodwa ngokwengezwa kokucacisa amazinga okufinyelela efeni. Amalungu avikelwe ayatholakala kumakilasi atholakele, kanti amalungu angasese awafinyeleleki.
Isisekelo sekilasi {
evikelwe:
int protectedVar;
okuyimfihlo:
int privateVar;
};
isigaba Okutholiwe : Isisekelo somphakathi {
void function() {
protectedVar = 1; // Imfihlo efinyelelekayoVar
= 1; // Ayitholakali
}
};
Imithelela Yedizayini Yesoftware
Ukukhetha phakathi kokuvikelwe nokuyimfihlo . kuthinta ukuguquguquka nokuvikeleka kwekhodi yakho
Ukunwebeka
Ukusebenzisa amalungu avikelekile kukhulisa ukwanda kwamakilasi akho. Izigaba ezingaphansi zingazuza futhi zisebenzise lawa malungu ukuze akhe phezu kokusebenza okukhona ngaphandle kokulungisa isigaba sesisekelo.
Isondlo
Ukuvezwa ngokweqile kwangaphakathi kwekilasi elivikelwe kungaholela ezinseleleni zokunakekela. Izinguquko ekilasini lesisekelo zingase zibe nomthelela kuma-subclass ngezindlela ezingalindelekile, zenze i-codebase ibe nzima ukuyiphatha.
Izindlela Ezinhle Kakhulu
Ukunamathela ezenzweni ezingcono kakhulu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukusebenzisa kwakho izilungisi zokufinyelela kuthuthukisa ikhodi yakho kunokuba kuyivimbe.
I-Favour Composition Over Ifa
Ukuthembela ngokweqile kumalungu avikelwe kungabonisa ifa eleqile. Cabangela ukusebenzisa ukwakheka ukuze uzuze ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwekhodi, okuvame ukuphumela kukhodi evumelana nezimo negcinekekayo.
Ukufinyelela Okuncane Okudingekayo
Nikeza izinga elincane lokufinyelela elidingekayo. Uma ilungu lingadingi ukufinyelelwa yizigaba ezingaphansi, kwenze kube yimfihlo . Lo mkhuba unciphisa amathuba okuba nemiphumela emibi engahlosiwe.
I-Case Studies
Ukuhlola izimo zomhlaba wangempela lapho ukukhetha kwezilungisi zokufinyelela kube nomthelela omkhulu kunganikeza imininingwane ebalulekile.
Open-Source Frameworks
Izinhlaka eziningi zidalula amalungu avikelekile ukuze avumele onjiniyela ukuthi banwebe amakilasi ayisisekelo. Isibonelo, kuzinhlaka zewebhu, izigaba zesilawuli esiyisisekelo zivame ukuba nezindlela ezivikelekile ezingase zikhishwe ukuze kwenziwe ngendlela oyifisayo ukuziphatha.
Ukwephulwa Kokuvikela Okuvela Ekuchayekeni Okudlulele
Kube khona izimo lapho ukusetshenziswa kabi kokufinyelela okuvikelwe kwaholela ekubeni sengozini yezokuvikela. Izigaba ezingaphansi zifinyelele futhi zashintsha abangaphakathi bekilasi eliyisisekelo ngezindlela ezingahlosiwe, okubangela ukungazinzi nokuphulwa.
Umthelela Wezici Zolimi
Izici eziqondene nolimi oluthile zingathonya indlela izilungisi zokufinyelela eziziphatha ngayo futhi kufanele zicatshangelwe lapho kwakhiwa isofthiwe.
Amakilasi Abangane ku-C++
I-C++ yethula umqondo wamakilasi abangani nemisebenzi, engafinyelela amalungu ayimfihlo navikelwe elinye ikilasi. Lesi sici sengeza ubunkimbinkimbi ekulawuleni ukufinyelela futhi kufanele sisetshenziswe ngobuhlakani.
Ukuzindla ku-Java naku-C#
Izilimi ezifana ne-Java ne-C# zivumela ukuboniswa, okungafinyelela amalungu ayimfihlo ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Nakuba linamandla, leli khono lingehlisa izilawuli zokufinyelela futhi kufanele liphathwe ngokucophelela.
Izilungisi zokuhlola nokufinyelela
Izilungisi zokufinyelela zingathinta ikhono lokuhlola ikhodi ngempumelelo.
Ukuhlola Amalungu Azimele
Ukuhlola amalungu azimele ngokuqondile ngokuvamile akukhuthazwa. Kunalokho, ukuhlola kufanele kugxile ezindaweni zomphakathi. Nokho, lokhu ngezinye izikhathi kungenza kube inselele ukuzuza ikhodi ephelele.
Amalungu Avikelwe Ekuhlolweni
Ukusebenzisa amalungu avikelekile kungasiza ukuhlola ngokuvumela izigaba zokuhlola ukuthi zifinyelele futhi ziguqule ukuziphatha kwekilasi eliyisisekelo. Le nqubo ingaba yinzuzo kodwa kufanele isetshenziswe ngokucophelela ukuze kugwenywe ukuncika emininingwaneni yokusebenzisa.
Ukwenza kabusha kanye nezilungisi zokufinyelela
Ikhodi yokwenza kabusha ingabandakanya ukushintsha izilungisi zokufinyelela ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukwakheka nokugcinwa.
Ukunciphisa Ukufinyeleleka
Ngesikhathi sokwenza kabusha, cabanga ukunciphisa ukufinyeleleka kwamalungu kusuka emphakathini noma okuvikelwe kuya kokuyimfihlo uma ukufinyelela okubanzi kungasadingeki. Lo mkhuba uthuthukisa i-encapsulation futhi unciphise ubungozi bokusebenzisana okungahlosiwe.
Ukugwema Izinguquko Ezigqamayo
Uma ulungisa amaleveli okufinyelela ku-API esesidlangalaleni, qaphela ukuze uphule izinguquko. Ukunciphisa ukufinyeleleka kungabangela amaphutha okuhlanganiswa kukhodi ancike ku-API yakho.
Izihloko Ezithuthukile
Ukuhlola imiqondo ethuthukisiwe kungajulisa ukuqonda nokusebenzisa izilungisi zokufinyelela.
Finyelela Izilungisi Kumaphethini Womklamo
Amaphethini edizayini avame ukusho amaleveli athile okufinyelela. Isibonelo, iphethini ye-Singleton idinga umakhi oyimfihlo ukuze avimbele ukuvela ngaphandle kwekilasi.
Izilungisi ku-Multithreading
Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezinemicu eminingi, izilungisi zokufinyelela zidlala indima ekuphepheni kwentambo. Amalungu ayimfihlo angavimbela izinkinga zokufinyelela ngesikhathi esisodwa kodwa adinga ukufinyelela okuvunyelanisiwe lapho kwabelwa kuwo wonke uchungechunge.
Isiphetho
Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwezilungisi zokufinyelela ezivikelekile neziyimfihlo . kubalulekile ekubhaleni ikhodi esebenzayo egxile entweni Nakuba okuyimfihlo kuqinisekisa ukuhlanganisa okuphezulu, amalungu avikelekile anikeza ibhalansi ngokuvumela ukufinyelela kwesigaba esingaphansi. Ukwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana namazinga okufinyelela kuthuthukisa ukuvikeleka kwekhodi, ukugcinwa, nokunwebeka.
Ngokunamathela emikhubeni ehamba phambili nokucabangela okushiwo isilungisi ngasinye, abathuthukisi bangakha izakhiwo zesofthiwe eziqinile nezivumelana nezimo. Ukusebenzisa isilungisi sokufinyelela esifanele kuyikhono elibalulekile elinikela kukhwalithi yonke kanye nempumelelo yamaphrojekthi esofthiwe.
