Okwanjula
Mu kifo kya pulogulaamu egenderera ebintu, okutegeera ebikyusakyusa mu kutuuka kikulu nnyo mu kukola koodi ennywevu era ekuumibwa. Endowooza z’emitendera egy’obukuumi n’ogw’obwannannyini gikola kinene mu kuzimba, omusingi omukulu ogukakasa obulungi bw’embeera y’ekintu. Abakola emirimu batera okulwanagana n’okulonda wakati w’abakyusa bano ababiri okusobola okutebenkeza okutuuka ku bantu n’obukuumi mu nkola zaabwe. Ekiwandiiko kino kigenda mu maaso n’okubunyisa obuwufu bwa bammemba bennyini abakuumibwa , nga banoonyereza ku bye baayogera mu nnimi za pulogulaamu ez’enjawulo.
Okutegeera ebikyusakyusa mu kutuuka ku bantu .
Access modifiers bye bigambo ebikulu ebikozesebwa mu nnimi ezigenderera ebintu okuteekawo okutuuka ku kiraasi, enkola, n’enkyukakyuka. Bategeeza engeri bammemba b’ekibiina gye bayinza okutuusibwako mu bitundu ebirala ebya pulogulaamu. Ebikyusakyusa ebisookerwako mulimu mu lujjudde , ebikuumibwa , eby’obwannannyini , ate oluusi nga bya bulijjo oba eby’omunda , okusinziira ku lulimi.
Public Access Modifier .
Bammemba abalangirirwa ng’abantu bonna basobola okutuukirirwa okuva mu kibiina ekirala kyonna. Omutendera guno ogw’okutuuka ku bantu gusobozesa okutuuka okusinga okusoboka naye guyinza okuvaako enkolagana etali ya kigendererwa n’okukendeeza ku kuzimba encapsulation.
Omukyusa mu kuyingira okw'obwannannyini .
Omukyusa ow’obwannannyini akugira okulaba kwa bammemba b’ekibiina mu kibiina mwe balangirirwa. Kino kikakasa nti encapsulation ya waggulu, okutangira kiraasi ez’ebweru okuyingira butereevu oba okukyusa bammemba bano.
Omukyusa w'okuyingira akuumibwa .
Bammemba abalina ekikyusa ekikuumibwa basobola okutuukirirwa mu kibiina kyabwe era nga bakozesa kiraasi ezifunibwa. guno ogw’okuyingira gukola bbalansi wakati w’obwannannyini n’ogw’olukale Omutendera , okusobozesa subclasses okukozesa n’okugaziya emirimu ate nga ekuuma degree ezimu ez’okuzibikira.
Private vs. Protected: Enjawukana enkulu .
Enjawulo enkulu wakati w’ebikyusakyusa eby’obwannannyini n’ebikuumibwa . eri mu ddaala ly’okutuuka ku bantu abaweebwa ebitundu ebitonotono n’ebika eby’ebweru
Okutuuka ku bantu mu bitundu ebitonotono .
Bammemba ab’obwannannyini tebasobola kutuukirirwa mu bitundu ebitonotono, ne bwe kiba nti subclass eri mu package oba module y’emu. Kino kitegeeza nti enkola oba enkyukakyuka ezilangirirwa nga ez’ekyama teziyinza kusikira oba kukozesebwa butereevu mu kiraasi eziggiddwa. Okwawukana ku ekyo, bammemba bennyini abakuumibwa basobola okutuukirirwa mu bitundu ebitonotono, ekisobozesa okusikira n’okukyusakyusa enkyukakyuka okukola obulungi.
Encapsulation n'obukuumi .
Okukozesa bammemba ab’obwannannyini kyongera encapsulation nga kikweka ebikwata ku kuteeka mu nkola okuva mu bibiina ebirala byonna. Kino kiyinza okuziyiza okuyingirira okutali kwa kigendererwa naye kiyinza okukomya okugaziwa. Ku luuyi olulala, bammemba abakuumibwa bateeka ebimu ku bikwata ku bitundu ebimu, okwanguyiza okugaziya naye nga kiyinza okuteeka mu kabi encapsulation singa tebaddukanyizibwa bulungi.
Okukozesa mu nkola .
Okulonda wakati w’obukuumi n’obw’obwannannyini kisinziira ku byetaago ebitongole ebya pulogulaamu ezikolebwa.
ddi lw'olina okukozesa private .
Kozesa private nga oyagala okussa mu nkola encapsulation enkakali. Kino kituukira ddala ku nkola z’omugaso oba enkyukakyuka ezitasaanidde kukyusibwa oba okutuusibwako ebweru wa kiraasi. Ekuuma embeera y’omunda era ekakasa nti enkyukakyuka mu kiraasi ez’omunda tezikwata ku kiraasi ez’ebweru.
ddi lw'olina okukozesa Protected .
Weerondemu bammemba baayo abakuumibwa nga bakola dizayini y’ekibiina ekigendereddwamu okusikira. Kino kisobozesa subclasses okuyingira n'okukyusa bammemba bano, okutumbula code reuse n'okugaziya. Kyetaagisa nnyo mu nkola n’amaterekero g’ebitabo ng’okugaziya kye kikulu ennyo.
Eby'okulabirako mu nnimi za pulogulaamu ez'enjawulo .
Okutegeera engeri ennimi ez’enjawulo gye ziteeka mu nkola ebikyusa bino eby’okuyingira kikulu nnyo mu nkulaakulana y’ennimi ezisalasala n’okukozesa obusobozi obujjuvu obwa pulogulaamu ezigenderera ebintu.
Java .
Mu Java, protected access modifier egaba okulabika munda mu package emu ne ku subclasses ne bweziba mu packages ezenjawulo. Omukyusa ow'obwannannyini aziyiza okuyingira mu kiraasi elangirira yokka. Wano waliwo ekyokulabirako:
Public Class parent {
protected void display() {
// enkola ekuumibwa
}
}
public class Omwana agaziya omuzadde {
public void show() {
) {); // Okutuukirika
}
} .
C++ .
C++ egoberera enkola efaananako bwetyo, naye nga kwogasse n’okulaga emitendera gy’okutuuka ku busika. Bammemba abakuumibwa batuukirirwa mu bibiina ebivaamu, so nga bammemba ab’obwannannyini si bwe bali.
Class base {
Ekuumibwa:
INT Ekuumibwa;
eby’obwannannyini:
int privatevar;
};
class efunibwa : omusingi gwa lukale {
void function() {
protectedvar = 1; //
privateVar etuukirirwa = 1; // Tekituukirirwa
}
};
Ebigendererwa by'okukola software design .
Okulonda wakati w’obukuumi n’obw’obwannannyini . kukosa okukyukakyuka n’obukuumi bwa koodi yo
Okugaziwa .
Okukozesa bammemba baayo abakuumibwa kyongera okugaziya kwa kiraasi zo. Ebitundu ebitono bisobola okusikira n’okukozesa bammemba bano okuzimba ku nkola eriwo awatali kukyusa kiraasi ya base.
Okulabirira
Okuyitiriza ennyo kiraasi ez’omunda nga zikuumibwa kiyinza okuleetawo okusoomoozebwa mu kuddaabiriza. Enkyukakyuka mu kiraasi ya base ziyinza okukosa subclasses mu ngeri ezitategeerekeka, okufuula codebase okukaluba okuddukanya.
Enkola Ennungi .
Okunywerera ku nkola ennungi kikakasa nti okukozesa kwo ebikyusakyusa mu kuyingira kwongera koodi yo okusinga okukiremesa.
favor composition okusinga obusika .
Okwesigamira ennyo ku bammemba abakuumibwa kiyinza okulaga obusika obuyitiridde. Lowooza ku kukozesa ekirungo okusobola okutuuka ku kuddamu okukozesa koodi, ekitera okuvaamu koodi ezikyukakyuka era ezisobola okulabirira.
Okutuuka okwetaagisa okutono .
Okuwa omutendera omutono ogw’okutuuka ku bantu ogwetaagisa. Singa member teyeetaaga kuyingizibwa mu subclasses, kifuule kya kyama . Enkola eno ekendeeza ku busobozi bw’ebizibu ebitali bigenderere.
Okunoonyereza ku mbeera .
Okukebera embeera z‟ensi entuufu nga okulonda kw‟abakyusakyusa okutuuka ku bantu kwalina kinene kye kwakola kiyinza okuwa amagezi ag‟omuwendo.
Enkola eziggule .
Enkola nnyingi ziraga bammemba abakuumibwa okusobozesa abakola okugaziya kiraasi za base. Okugeza, mu web frameworks, base controller classes zitera okuba n’enkola ezikuumibwa eziyinza okukyusibwa okusobola okulongoosa enneeyisa.
Okumenya eby'okwerinda okuva mu Overexposure .
Wabaddewo ebiseera ng’okukozesa obubi enkola y’okuyingiza abantu mu bifo eby’enjawulo ekyavaako obuzibu mu by’okwerinda. Subclasses accessed and modified base class internals mu ngeri ezitagendereddwa, ekivaako obutabeera mu ntebenkevu n’okumenya.
Enkosa y'ebifaananyi by'olulimi .
Ebintu ebikwata ku lulimi bisobola okukwata ku ngeri abakyusakyusa mu kuyingira gye beeyisaamu era balina okulowoozebwako nga bakola pulogulaamu.
Ebisomo by'omukwano mu C++
C++ eyanjulidde endowooza y’ebibiina by’omukwano n’emirimu, esobola okufuna bammemba ab’obwannannyini n’abakuumibwa mu kiraasi endala. Ekintu kino kyongera obuzibu ku kufuga okuyingira era kiteekwa okukozesebwa mu ngeri ey’amagezi.
Okufumiitiriza mu Java ne C# .
Ennimi nga Java ne C# zikkiriza okufumiitiriza, ezisobola okufuna bammemba ab’obwannannyini mu kiseera ky’okudduka. Wadde nga ya maanyi, obusobozi buno busobola okulemesa okufuga okuyingira era busaana okukwatibwa n’obwegendereza.
Ebikyusa okugezesa n'okutuuka ku bantu .
Access modifiers ziyinza okukosa obusobozi bw'okugezesa code mu ngeri ennungi.
Okugezesa bammemba ab'obwannannyini .
Okugezesa bammemba ab’obwannannyini butereevu okutwalira awamu kiggwaamu amaanyi. Wabula, ebigezo birina okussa essira ku nkolagana z’olukale. Wabula kino oluusi kiyinza okukifuula okusoomoozebwa okutuuka ku full code coverage.
Bammemba abakuumibwa mu kugezesa .
Okukozesa ba memba baayo abakuumibwa kiyinza okwanguyiza okugezesa nga kikkiriza okugezesebwa subclasses okuyingira n’okukyusa enneeyisa ya base class. Enkola eno eyinza okuba ey’omugaso naye erina okukozesebwa n’obwegendereza okwewala okuleeta okwesigamizibwa ku bikwata ku kuteeka mu nkola.
Refactoring ne Access Ebikyusa .
Refactoring code eyinza okuzingiramu okukyusa ebikyusakyusa mu kutuuka okulongoosa ensengeka n’okulabirira.
Okukendeeza ku kutuuka ku bantu .
Mu kiseera ky’okuddamu okukola, lowooza ku ky’okukendeeza ku kutuuka ku bantu okuva mu bantu oba okukuumibwa okutuuka ku bwannannyini singa okuyingira mu bugazi tekikyetaagisa. Enkola eno encapsulation era ekendeeza ku bulabe bw’enkolagana etategeerekeka.
Okwewala okumenya enkyukakyuka .
Bw’oba okyusa emitendera gy’okuyingira mu API ey’olukale, beera mwegendereza okumenya enkyukakyuka. Okukendeeza ku kutuuka ku bantu kiyinza okuleeta ensobi z’okukung’aanya mu koodi ezisinziira ku API yo.
Emitwe egy'omulembe .
Okunoonyereza ku ndowooza ez’omulembe kiyinza okwongera okutegeera n’okukozesa ebikyusakyusa mu kutuuka.
Access Modifiers mu Design Patterns .
Enkola z’okukola dizayini zitera okulagira emitendera egy’enjawulo egy’okuyingira. Okugeza, enkola ya singleton yeetaaga omuzimbi ow’obwannannyini okuziyiza instantiation okuva ebweru wa kiraasi.
Ebikyusa mu Multithreading .
Mu nkola ezirina emiguwa mingi, ebikyusakyusa eby’okuyingira bikola kinene mu bukuumi bw’obuwuzi. Bammemba ab’obwannannyini basobola okutangira ensonga z’okutuuka mu kiseera kye kimu naye nga beetaaga okuyingira mu nkola ey’okukwatagana (synchronized access) nga bagabana mu threads.
Mu bufunzi
Okutegeera enjawulo wakati w’ebikyusa ebikuumibwa n’eby’obwannannyini eby’okuyingira kyetaagisa nnyo mu kuwandiika koodi ennungi etunuulidde ebintu. Wadde nga Private ekakasa nti encapsulation esinga, protected own members bawaayo balance nga bakkiriza subclass access. Okusalawo mu ngeri ey’amagezi ku mitendera gy’okutuuka ku bantu kiyamba obukuumi bwa koodi, okulabirira, n’okugaziya.
Nga banywerera ku nkola ennungi n’okulowooza ku biva mu buli mukyusa, abakola basobola okukola enzimba ya pulogulaamu ennywevu era ekyukakyuka. Okukozesa ekikyusa eky’okuyingira ekituufu bukugu bwa maanyi obuyamba ku mutindo okutwalira awamu n’obuwanguzi bwa pulojekiti za pulogulaamu.
