Zitshintsha Njani Iindleko zeCarbon kuRhwebo lweNtsimbi yezoQoqosho

• Iipateni zorhwebo ziyatshintsha kuba ixabiso lekhabhoni lizisa imingcipheko kunye neenzuzo.

• I-steelmaking eluhlaza ineengxaki zexabiso, kodwa abavelisi abanamandla acocekileyo banenzuzo kwintengiso yentsimbi.
  Kufuneka unikele ingqalelo. Ikamva le-US Steel Trade lixhomekeke kwindlela ojongana ngayo nolu xinzelelo lwekhabhoni.

Izinto eziphambili zokuThatha

• Amaxabiso ekhabhoni atshintsha indlela intsimbi eyenziwa ngayo kwaye ithengiswe ngayo. Iinkampani kufuneka zitshintshe ukuze zihlale zomelele kwimarike.

• Iindlela ezicocekileyo zokwenza intsimbi inokunciphisa iindleko kwaye incede iinkampani zenze ngcono. Iinkampani kufuneka zichithe imali kwitekhnoloji eluhlaza.

• Indlela yokulungelelanisa umda wekhabhoni ye-EU yenza ukuba ukuthengiswa kwentsimbi ephezulu kubize kakhulu. Oku kutshintsha indlela intsimbi ethengiswa ngayo kwihlabathi jikelele.

• Amazwe anokukhutshwa okuphantsi afumana inzuzo kurhwebo lwentsimbi. Isabelo semarike siya kutshintsha njengoko amaxabiso ekhabhoni enyuka.

• Ukusebenza kunye nokuba nemithetho ecacileyo kubalulekile kukhuphiswano olufanelekileyo. Ezi zinto zinceda ishishini lentsimbi lisike ikhabhoni ngempumelelo.

Amaxabiso eKhabhoni kunye neMpembelelo yoShishino lweNsimbi

Ukunyuka kweendleko zabavelisi bentsimbi

Iinkampani zentsimbi ngoku kufuneka zijongane neendleko ezintsha. Amaxabiso ekhabhoni yinxalenye enkulu yokwenza intsimbi namhlanje. I-EU Emissions Trading System ngumgaqo onokuthi ezinye iindawo ziwusebenzise kungekudala. Lo mgaqo wenza iinkampani zicinge ngendlela ezenza ngayo intsimbi. Ukuba usebenzisa iindlela zakudala ukwenza intsimbi, iindleko zakho zinyuka. Iindleko zekhabhoni zithatha imali yakho eninzi. Kufuneka ucwangcise ezi ndleko, kwaye oku kunokwenza intsimbi yakho ibize kakhulu. I-EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism iyatshintsha izinto nayo. Izama ukunqanda intsimbi ephuma kumazwe akhupha izinto eziphezulu ekubeni ingabizi kakhulu. Xa izibonelelo zekhabhoni zasimahla zihamba, uhlawula ngakumbi ngetoni nganye yekhabhoni. Oku kukwenza ukhangele iindlela ezicocekileyo zokwenza intsimbi.

IZikhewu eziSebenza kakuhle kunye neCandelo loShishino

Ayizizo zonke iinkampani zentsimbi ezihlawula ngokufanayo kwikhabhoni. Indlela yokwenza intsimbi ithatha isigqibo ngeendleko zakho. Ezinye iindlela zisebenzisa amandla amaninzi kwaye zenze ikhabhoni eninzi. Ezinye iindlela zisebenzisa amandla amancinci kwaye zenze i-carbon encinci. Ungakubona oku kwitheyibhile engezantsi:

Ukuba usebenzisa i-blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace, uhlawula kakhulu kwikhabhoni. Ukuba usebenzisa i-hydrogen-based based reduction ngqo, awuhlawuli phantse nantoni na ngekhabhoni. Oku kwenza ezinye iinkampani zomelele kunezinye. Iinkampani ezineendlela ezicocekileyo zinokuthengisa intsimbi ngexabiso eliphantsi. Iinkampani ezingasebenzi kakuhle zinobunzima bokugcina. Umsantsa weendleko uya uba mkhulu njengoko amaxabiso ekhabhoni enyuka. Ngokomzekelo, ukusika itoni enye ye-CO2 inokubiza i-$ 110 ngeendlela ezithile ngo-2030. I-teknoloji engcono kakhulu inokugcina i-$ 20 ngetoni yensimbi. Amaxabiso ekhabhoni ahlula ishishini libe ziinkokeli kunye nabo basilela ngasemva.

Iinkuthazo kwiMveliso yeNtsimbi eHlaza

Ngoku, kukho isizathu esikhulu sokusebenzisa iteknoloji yensimbi ye-carbon ephantsi. Amaxabiso ekhabhoni kunye ne-CBAM ziyakutyhala ukuba usebenzise iindlela ezicocekileyo. Ukuba usebenzisa i-hydrogen-based steelmaking, unokusika ngaphezulu kwe-20 yezigidi zeetoni zeCO2. Itheyibhile engezantsi ibonisa indlela amaxabiso ekhabhoni atshintsha ngayo ixabiso lokusebenzisa i-hydrogen:

Xa ixabiso lekhabhoni liyi-$ 300 ngetoni nganye, i-hydrogen eluhlaza lukhetho oluhle. Nokuba kwi-120 yeedola ngetoni nganye, i-hydrogen eluhlaza lukhetho oluhle kakhulu. La maxabiso akwenza ucinge malunga notyalo-mali olutsha. Intsimbi eluhlaza inceda okusingqongileyo kwaye ikunceda ukhuphisane kwimarike yehlabathi. Njengoko iindawo ezininzi zisebenzisa amaxabiso ekhabhoni, udinga itekhnoloji entsha ukugcina imakethi yakho kunye nokulawula iindleko zakho.

Uhlengahlengiso lweMda weKhabhoni kunye nokuHamba koRhwebo lweNsimbi

I-EU CBAM kunye nokuphazamiseka koRhwebo lweHlabathi

Indlela yokulungelelanisa umda we-carbon ye-EU itshintsha urhwebo lwentsimbi. I-EU ngoku ihlawulisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kwintsimbi efikayo. Lo mgaqo wenza intsimbi evela kumazwe akhupha kakhulu ibize ngaphezulu. Abavelisi bentsimbi ngaphandle kwe-EU bahlawula ngaphezulu ukuba intsimbi yabo inekhabhoni eninzi. Ezi ndleko zintsha zenza iinkampani zicinge ngamakhonkco azo okubonelela.

I-EU icinga ukuba ukuthengiswa kwentsimbi kuya kuhla njengoko amaxabiso ekhabhoni enyuka. Ungawabona amanani kwitheyibhile engezantsi:

I-EU ifumana imali eninzi xa amaxabiso ekhabhoni enyuka.

• Ngamaxabiso aphakathi, i-EU yenza ngaphezulu kwe-4,100 yezigidi zeedola ngonyaka ngamnye ngo-2034.

• Amaxabiso aphezulu azisa ngaphezu kwe-4,400 yezigidi zeedola ngonyaka.

• Amaxabiso aphantsi asanika malunga ne-3,800 yezigidi zeerandi ngonyaka.

Abenzi bentsimbi ngaphandle kwe-EU bajongana neengxaki ezintsha. Kukho izikhewu ezisemthethweni kunye nemithetho ekhohlisayo eyenza ucwangciso lube nzima. Ukuhamba korhwebo kuyatshintsha njengoko iinkampani zizama ukulandela imithetho emitsha. Abanye banenkxalabo malunga nemilo yorhwebo kuba i-CBM ichaphazela amazwe anemithetho yendalo ebuthathaka.

Iimpendulo ezivela kubaThumeli bentsimbi abaKhulu

Amazwe afana neTshayina, i-Indiya, neRashiya akaluthandi ulawulo lwe-EU. Bathi ayilunganga kwaye inceda iinkampani zentsimbi ze-EU. Bacinga ukuba i-CBM ngumqobo worhwebo. Kwi-COP-28, iinkokeli zala mazwe zathetha ngokuchaseneyo nomthetho. Bathi yophula imithetho ye-WTO.

La mazwe enza okungakumbi kunokukhalaza. Baqala ukwenza ezabo iinkqubo zokurhweba ezikhutshwayo. I-Indiya ne-China zixuba ukugxekwa kunye nesenzo. Basebenza kwimithetho emitsha yamaxabiso ekhabhoni kwiimarike zabo. Amanye amazwe alwa ngemithetho nezopolitiko. Abanye bafuna izaphulelo zangaphandle ukukhusela urhwebo lwabo lwentsimbi. Ezi izaphulelo zinqanda ukuvuza kwekhabhoni ngokususa imirhumo yentsimbi ethunyelwa ngaphandle. Abantu bayaxoxa ukuba ezi zaphulelo zilandela imigaqo ye-WTO okanye zinokubangela imirhumo emitsha.

Nantsi itheyibhile ebonisa imilinganiselo yomgaqo-nkqubo:

Ukutshintsha iSabelo seMarike kuRhwebo lweNsimbi

Utshintsho lwesabelo semarike njengoko amaxabiso ekhabhoni enyuka. I-CBAM ityhala abenzi bentsimbi ukuba basebenzise iindlela ezicocekileyo. Amazwe akhupha izinto ezikhutshwayo eziphezulu aphulukana nenzuzo yawo. Amazwe anezinto ezikhutshwayo eziphantsi, njengeGhana ne-Uzbekistan, enza ngcono kwimarike ye-EU. I-Mozambique ihlawula ngakumbi kwaye ilahlekelwa yindawo yayo.

Ngoku, ukurhweba ngentsimbi kunceda iinkampani ezisebenzisa umbane ohlaziyekayo, hayi amalahle. I-EU inika isabelo sasimahla kwitekhnoloji ye-H2-DR phantsi kwe-EU ETS. Olu ncedo lwenza intsimbi esekwe kwi-hydrogen yomelele kwimarike. Intsimbi yaseTshayina ye-BF-BOF ihlala yomelele okwethutyana, kodwa ilahlekelwa yi-H2-DRI-EAF njengoko amaxabiso ekhabhoni enyuka.

Nantsi itheyibhile ebonisa le mikhwa:

Ingcebiso: Ukuba ufuna urhwebo lwakho lwentsimbi luhlale lomelele, kufuneka utyale imali kwitekhnoloji ecocekileyo kwaye ubukele amaxabiso ekhabhoni.

Indlela yokulungelelanisa umda wekhabhoni itshintsha imigaqo yorhwebo lwentsimbi. Kufuneka ubukele amaxabiso ekhabhoni, ukukhutshwa, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo emitsha ukuze uhlale ukhuphisana.

Uphuhliso lwehlabathi kwi-Steel Decarbonization

Umahluko kuMgaqo-nkqubo weNgingqi

Iindawo ezahlukeneyo zineendlela zazo zokuthoba ikhabhoni kwintsimbi. IYurophu isebenzisa iCarbon Border Adjustment Mechanism ukulawula ukuthengiswa kwentsimbi. I-EU ifuna ukuba yinkokeli kwintsimbi ephantsi kwekhabhoni. Bamisela imithetho engqongqo kunye namaxabiso. I-China yenza ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sentsimbi yehlabathi. I-China isebenza kunye neYurophu ukwenza imigangatho yentsimbi eluhlaza. I-US isebenzisa iirhafu ukukhusela intsimbi yayo yokhuseleko. I-US nayo inemithetho yayo yentsimbi. Le mithetho itshintsha ukuba zingakanani iindleko zentsimbi kwindawo nganye.

• Amaqela aseTshayina naseYurophu asebenza kunye kwimithetho yentsimbi eluhlaza.

• I-CBM yaseYurophu itshintsha iindleko zabenzi bentsimbi e-US nase China.

• Ummandla we-MENA wenza intsimbi ephantsi kwekhabhoni kodwa uneengxaki. I-EU ifuna intsimbi ecaba, kodwa iMENA ikakhulu yenza intsimbi ende.

• Intsimbi yaseYurophu yenza malunga ne-5% ye-EU ekhutshwayo. Oku kuthetha ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kubaluleke kakhulu.

Coca iiNkxaso zeNsimbi kunye notyalo-mali

Oorhulumente bachitha imali ukunceda ukwenza intsimbi eluhlaza. IYurophu inika i-5.5 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ukunceda ukuhlawula izityalo ze-hydrogen DRI. Oku kugubungela phantse isinye kwisithathu seendleko zeprojekthi. ISebe lezaMandla lase-US linika i-6.3 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi kwiiprojekthi zamandla acocekileyo. I-US ihlawula kuphela isiqingatha seprojekthi nganye kakhulu. Inkxaso-mali ephezulu e-US yi-$250 ngetoni nganye yentsimbi. Oku kungaphantsi komndilili waseYurophu. Xa zizonke, iibhiliyoni zeerandi ezingama-26.6 zisetyenzisiwe. Kodwa oku kunceda kuphela i-1.2% yentsimbi yehlabathi ngo-2030.

Inkxaso yentsimbi ecocekileyo inceda iinkampani zisebenzisa iindlela zekhabhoni ephantsi. Impumelelo ixhomekeke kumandla acocekileyo kunye neteknoloji entsha. Iindleko eziphezulu zenza kube nzima ukuba abenzi bentsimbi baseMelika batshintshe. Uncedo lwePolisi kunye noThenga imithetho ecocekileyo yenza utshintsho ngokukhawuleza.

Imingcipheko yokuvuza kweCarbon

Kukho iingozi xa imithetho yekhabhoni ingafani yonke indawo. Imithetho eyahlukeneyo inokuhambisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi kwamanye amazwe endaweni yokuthoba. Malunga ne-25% yezinto ezikhutshwayo ezivela kwiimpahla ezithengisiweyo zivela ekuvuzeni kwekhabhoni. I-EU yenza isicwangciso esixabisa i-6.5 yeebhiliyoni zee-euro ukumisa ukuvuza kwekhabhoni kwintsimbi kunye neekhemikhali. I-CBAM inceda ngokwenza abathengisi bangaphandle bahlawule ixabiso lekhabhoni elifanayo. Oku kunokunciphisa ukuvuza kwekhabhoni nge-19%. Abenzi bentsimbi banenkxalabo malunga nokuhambisa iifektri kwiindawo ezinemithetho ebuthathaka. Oku kunokunyusa ukukhutshwa kwemveliso yehlabathi kwaye kubangele ukulahleka kwemisebenzi.

Qaphela: Kufuneka ulumkele ubungozi bokuvuza kwekhabhoni. Imithetho engalinganiyo inokutshintsha urhwebo lwentsimbi kwaye iphakamise iindleko zakho.

Imingeni kunye nekamva loQoqosho loRhwebo lweNsimbi

Izikhewu zePolisi kunye neeMfuno zoLungelelaniso

Ujongene nemingeni emininzi njengoko ixabiso lekhabhoni litshintsha urhwebo lwentsimbi. Amazwe asebenzisa imithetho eyahlukeneyo yekhabhoni, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukukhuphisana ngokufanelekileyo. Ezinye iindawo zijolise kuphela ekusikeni ikharbon diokside, kodwa zilibale malunga neempembelelo zentlalo kunye nokusingqongileyo kwemigodi kunye nokwenza intsimbi. Ubona amazwe ezigcinela iintsimbi ezilahliweyo, nto leyo ethintela abanye ekwenzeni intsimbi eluhlaza. Lo mkhwa unokulimaza i-decarbonization yehlabathi.

Nazi izikhewu ezingundoqo kumgaqo-nkqubo:

• Amazwe amaninzi afuna ukugcina ezawo zentsimbi ezilahliweyo, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima kwabanye ukufikelela kwimithombo yentsimbi ekhutshwa kancinci.

• Izicwangciso zihlala zingayihoyi imiphumo yokwembiwa kwemigodi kunye nokwenza intsimbi ebantwini nakwimekobume.

• I-Global South idinga intsimbi ethe kratya kwiimfuno ezisisiseko, kodwa iGlobal North iphethe uninzi lwentsimbi elahliweyo.

• Ukurisayikilishwa okunyiniweyo kunye nemithetho yorhwebo engalunganga yenza kubenzima kwamanye amazwe ukufumana intsimbi ekhupha iqanda.

Ufuna intsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe engcono. Amaqela afana neMigaqo yeMigangatho yeNsimbi anceda ngokudala iindlela ezifanayo zokulinganisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo. Kwiintlanganiso ezinkulu, iinkokeli ziyavuma ukuba imithetho ekwabelwana ngayo yenza kube lula ukutyalomali kwitekhnoloji ecocekileyo. Xa unemigangatho ecacileyo, unokunciphisa iindleko kwaye uncede wonke umntu ahambele kwintsimbi eluhlaza.

Umbono weXesha elide woRhwebo lweNsimbi

Ukujonga phambili, uya kubona utshintsho olukhulu kurhwebo lwentsimbi njengoko iindleko zekhabhoni zinyuka. Uqikelelo lubonisa ukuba ukuthengiswa kwensimbi ye-EU kunokwehla nge-24-30% ngo-2034. Iintlawulo zokungenisa zingafikelela kwi-8-14% yexabiso lentsimbi ngo-2030, kunye namaxabiso ekhabhoni akhuphukela kwi-$ 147 ngetoni ngo-2034. Ezi ndleko eziphezulu ziya kukutyhala ukuba ufumane iindlela ezintsha zokwenza intsimbi ngokukhutshwa okumbalwa.

Iinkokeli zeshishini ziyazi ukuba kufuneka utyale imali eninzi ukwenza intsimbi ye-decarbonize. Unokufuna i-2-€ 3 yetriliyoni yetekhnoloji entsha kunye namandla aluhlaza. Oorhulumente abafana neJamani sele bechithe iibhiliyoni ukunceda. Ishishini lentsimbi limi kwinqanaba lokutshintsha. Ungasebenzisa ukuwa kweendleko zobuchwepheshe kunye nokunyuka kwemfuno yentsimbi eluhlaza ukuze uhlale ukhuphisana.

Unokufunda kumazwe abeka iinjongo ezicacileyo kunye nenkxaso entsha. Xa oorhulumente kunye neenkampani zisebenza kunye, ufumana iziphumo ezingcono. Iifemu eziphantsi korhulumente zinokugxila kwi-decarbonization yexesha elide, hayi nje iingeniso zexesha elifutshane. Ukhuphiswano lukwakunceda ukuba ufumane izisombululo ezitsha.

Ingcebiso: Jonga imigaqo emitsha kunye namaxabiso. Sebenza nabanye ukubeka imigangatho efanelekileyo. Tyala itekhnoloji ecocekileyo ukugcina urhwebo lwakho lwentsimbi lomelele kwihlabathi elineendleko eziphezulu zekhabhoni.

Ungabona ishishini lentsimbi litshintsha kakhulu. Iindleko zekhabhoni zenza urhwebo lwehlabathi lwahluke. Ngoku, ixabiso lekhabhoni kunye nemithetho yomda yenza intsimbi ethunyelwa ngaphandle ixabisa i-25% ngaphezulu. Kufuneka ubeke iliso kwindlela ophatha ngayo ikhabhoni. Kubalulekile ukujonga izinto ezikhutshwayo kwaye ujonge imithetho emitsha. Xa abantu abaninzi befuna intsimbi eluhlaza, kukho zombini iingxaki kunye namathuba okukhula. Le theyibhile ingezantsi ibonisa omawucinge ngako:

Imingcipheko	Amathuba
Itekhnoloji ephelelwe lixesha	Idatha engcono yokukhupha kunye nentsebenziswano entsha
Iikhonkco zokubonelela eziyinkimbinkimbi	Utshintsho lwenkqubo ngokusebenzisana
Imingeni yenguqu yabasebenzi	Ukukhula kwiimarike zetsimbi eziluhlaza

FAQ

Yintoni indlela yokulungelelanisa umda wekhabhoni?

Uhlawula umrhumo xa ungenisa intsimbi kunye nokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ephezulu kwimimandla ethile. Lo mgaqo uqinisekisa ukuba zonke intsimbi zijongene neendleko zekhabhoni ezifanayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba uyenza phi.

Amaxabiso ekhabhoni achaphazela njani urhwebo lwentsimbi?

Ubona amaxabiso ekhabhoni aphezulu enza intsimbi esuka kwimithombo ecocekileyo ibe nomtsalane ngakumbi. Abavelisi abanokukhutshwa okuphantsi banokuthengisa intsimbi ngamaxabiso angcono. Oku kutshintsha ngubani okhokelela kwimarike yentsimbi yehlabathi.

Kutheni amazwe esebenzisa iinkqubo zokurhweba nge-emission?

Usebenzisa iinkqubo zokurhweba ezikhutshwayo ukunciphisa ungcoliseko. Ezi nkqubo zibeka umyinge wokukhupha izinto ezikhutshwayo kwaye zivumele iinkampani zithenge okanye zithengise izibonelelo. Oku kukunceda ukuba unciphise ukukhutshwa kwexesha kunye nokuvuza imveliso ecocekileyo.

Yintoni intsimbi eluhlaza?

Uyibiza intsimbi 'luhlaza' xa uyenza ngekhabhoni encinci. Usebenzisa amandla ahlaziyekayo okanye ihydrogen endaweni yamalahle. Intsimbi eluhlaza ikunceda ukuba uhlangabezane nemithetho emitsha kwaye ugcine ishishini lakho lomelele.

Ungahlala njani ukhuphisana njengoko iindleko zekhabhoni zinyuka?

Utyala imali kwitekhnoloji ecocekileyo kwaye ubukele imithetho emitsha. Usebenza kunye namaqabane ukwabelana ngemibono kunye neendleko eziphantsi. Ukuhlala unolwazi kukunceda ugcine indawo yakho kwimarike yentsimbi.