ịgbado ọkụ Galvanized Steel ka bụ ụkpụrụ omume n'ofe mmepụta ụlọ ọrụ na injinịa nhazi. Ihe mkpuchi zinc na-adịgide adịgide na-enye ezigbo nguzogide corrosion. Nke a na-eme ka ihe ndị a dị mkpa maka gburugburu dị n'èzí siri ike yana ọrụ akụrụngwa na-achọsi ike.
Agbanyeghị, isonye na ihe ndị a na-ewebata ihe ịma aka ọla na nchekwa dị iche iche ma e jiri ya tụnyere ịrụ ọrụ nchara carbon na-adịghị. Ihe mkpuchi zinc na-echebe na-emepụta esemokwu kpọmkwem. Ị ga-eche nsogbu ihu gbasara nkwụsi ike arc, ịdị ọcha ọdọ mmiri weld na ahụike ndị ọrụ. Ị nweghị ike ịpịa arc n'elu mkpuchi ahụ wee tụọ anya nkwonkwo dị ọcha, siri ike na-enweghị nnukwu nsonaazụ.
Ntuziaka a na-enye usoro dabere na ihe akaebe maka ndị injinia, ndị njikwa nrụpụta, na ndị otu ịzụrụ ihe. Anyị ga-enyocha ihe achọrọ maka nkwadebe mmanyere, nhọrọ usoro kachasị mma, yana ụkpụrụ nrube isi dị ka OSHA na AWS. Ị ga-amụta ka ị ga-esi nọgide na-eguzosi ike n'ezi ihe ma chebe ndị ọrụ gị nke ọma.
Isi ihe eji eme ihe
Ọ ga-ekwe omume nke ukwuu iji weld galvanized ígwè, ọ bụrụhaala na a na-agbaso nkwadebe elu tupu weld na mweghachi mkpuchi post-weld (ASTM A780).
Zinc vaporizes na ~ 420°C, na-eduga na weld ọdọ mmiri mmetọ, porosity, na nnukwu ihe ize ndụ ahụ ike (Metal Fume Fever) ma ọ bụrụ na ejighịkwa PPE kwesịrị ekwesị na ventilashion.
Usoro nhọrọ nhọrọ: Flux-Cored Arc Welding (FCAW) na Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW/stick) na-ejikwa trace zinc ka mma karịa Gas Metal Arc Welding (MIG), ebe gas Tungsten Arc Welding (TIG) kwesịrị izere nke ọma n'ihi oke uche na ịchọta zinc.
A na-edobe iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe: Dị ka nchọpụta ILZRO si kwuo, weld egburu nke ọma na ígwè galvanized dabara n'ike mgbaji na ike ike ọgwụgwụ nke nkwonkwo nchara na-enweghị mkpuchi.
Fiziks nke Welding Galvanized Steel: Ihe ize ndụ Structural
Iji ghọta ihe kpatara galvanized ihe eji eme ihe na-adịghị mma n'okpuru arc, ị ga-elele thermodynamics dị n'okpuru. Isi okwu dị na nnukwu ọdịiche dị na okpomọkụ dị n'etiti mkpuchi nchebe na metal ala.
Zinc na-agbaze na 420°C (788°F). Ọ vaporizes kpamkpam gburugburu 906°C (1663°F). Carbon ígwè chọrọ nnukwu okpomọkụ ka ọ gbazee, ọ na-adịkarị n'etiti 1370°C na 1500°C (2500°F ruo 2732°F). Mgbe ị na-etinye arc ịgbado ọkụ, oyi akwa zinc na-aghọ gas na-agbanwe agbanwe ogologo oge tupu ígwè dị n'okpuru ya amalite ọbụna ịmịcha mmiri.
Ihe onwunwe |
Ebe Na-agbaze |
Ebe ikuku |
Omume n'okpuru Arc |
Carbon ígwè |
~1370°C -1500°C |
~3000°C |
Ụdị ọdọ mmiri a wụrụ awụ kwụsiri ike |
Ihe mkpuchi Zinc |
~420C |
~906°C |
Vaporizes mgbawa |
Ọ bụrụ na ewepụghị ya, zinc a vaporized na-adaba n'ime ọdọ mmiri weld siri ike. Afụ gas na-agbasi mbọ ike ịgbanarị nchara mmiri mmiri viscous tupu ọ daa. Ọnyà a na-ebute oke porosity dị n'ime. Ị ga-ahụkwa nsonye slag dị arọ na enweghị njikọ ugboro ugboro n'akụkụ mkpịsị ụkwụ weld.
Ịgbado ọkụ ozugbo n'elu mkpuchi na-anọgide na-abụ ụgwọ ọrụ siri ike. Ị ga-emeso oyi akwa zinc dị ka ihe mmetọ dị ize ndụ n'ime mpaghara okpomọkụ emetụtara ozugbo (HAZ). Mgbalị ọ bụla na-agba ọkụ site na mkpuchi na-enweghị nkwadebe ga-emebi ike nkwonkwo ahụ ma kpalie oke spatter na-enweghị atụ.
Ihe egwu ahụike na nnabata gburugburu (OSHA & AWS Standards)
E wezụga ntụpọ nhazi, ikpu zinc na-enye nnukwu ihe egwu dị ndụ. Mgbe arc ahụ na-adaba na mkpuchi ahụ, ọ na-emepụta nnukwu anwụrụ ọkụ zinc oxide. Ikuku uzuzu na-egbu egbu na-eduga ozugbo na ọnọdụ a maara dị ka Ọkụ Ọkụ Ọkụ.
Ọkụ Ọkụ Ọla na-ebute nnukwu mgbaàmà dị ka flu. Ndị ọrụ na-akọkarị oké oyi, oke ahụ ọkụ, ọgbụgbọ, ike ọgwụgwụ, na ụtọ dị iche iche n'ọnụ. Mgbaàmà ndị a na-adakarị awa ole na ole mgbe ngbanwe ahụ kwụsịrị. Ha nwere ike mebie onye ọrụ kpamkpam.
Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ọtụtụ akụkọ ifo dị ize ndụ gbasara nsị zinc. Anyị ga-edo anya n'ezie bayoloji iji chebe ndị ọrụ nke ọma.
Nke mbụ, zinc bụ mmiri soluble. Ahụ mmadụ na-emepụta metabolize ma na-ewepụ ya ka oge na-aga. N'adịghị ka ndu ma ọ bụ hexavalent chromium ikpughe, inhalation zinc oxide anaghị ebute mkpokọta ọla dị arọ ogologo oge. Ọrịa ahụ na-akawanye njọ ruo awa 24 ruo 48, mana ọ naghị ebute mmebi sistemu na-adịghị ala ala.
Nke abụọ, ịṅụ mmiri ara ehi na-enye ihe nchebe na-adịghị ndụ megide inhalation zinc oxide. Nke a na-adịgide dị ka akụkọ ifo ụlọ ahịa juru ebe niile. Mmiri ara ehi na-aga n'afọ. Uzuoku na-aga na ngụgụ. Ịdabere na mmiri ara ehi dị ka usoro nchebe na-etinye ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ihe egwu.
Ntinye siri ike na ụkpụrụ OSHA yana ụkpụrụ ANSI/ASC Z-49.1 na-eme ka ebe ọrụ dị mma. Ị ga-emejuputa njikwa injinia na akụrụngwa nchedo nkeonwe kwesịrị ekwesị.
Mwepụta isi mmalite: Wepụ ikuku ikuku nke mpaghara ozugbo na mpaghara weld. Ndị na-ewepụta uzuzu ga-ebupụ anwụrụ ọkụ na mpaghara iku ume onye ọrụ.
Nchekwa iku ume: Ndị na-arụ ọrụ ga-eyi ihe nzacha ọkara mkpuchi nke dabara na nzacha P100 HEPA.
Sistemụ dị elu: Maka oghere ndị emechitere ma ọ bụ mmepụta na-aga n'ihu, nye iwu ka ejiri ike ikuku-Purifying Respirators (PAPR) tinye n'ime okpu agha ịgbado ọkụ.
Mgbasa ikuku zuru oke: Gbaa mbọ hụ na mgbanwe ikuku ụlọ ahịa na-ezute oke nchekwa gburugburu kacha nta.
Nkwadebe tupu Weld: Iwu '1-4 inch'
Nkwadebe dị n'elu na-ekpebi ihe ịga nke ọma nke nkwonkwo. The American Welding Society na-akọwapụta ụkpụrụ nduzi siri ike n'okpuru AWS D-19.0 maka ịkwadebe ọla mkpuchi. Ọkọlọtọ gọọmentị chọrọ ndị ọrụ ka ha wepu mkpuchi zinc 1 ruo 4 inch (10-25mm opekempe) n'akụkụ abụọ nke nkwonkwo weld ebu n'obi.
Ị nwere ụzọ abụọ bụ isi maka ikpochapụ mkpuchi ahụ. Ụzọ nke ọ bụla nwere uru na njedebe kpọmkwem.
Mwepụ igwe (Achọrọ): Jiri diski egweri siri ike ma ọ bụ wiil flap na-ekpo ọkụ. Ghichaa njikọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ nchara na-egbuke egbuke. Usoro a dị ngwa ngwa ma dị oke irè. Otú ọ dị, kweta n'ihe ize ndụ mmejuputa. Ọbụlagodi na-egweri ihe siri ike na-ahapụkarị ihe a na-ahụ anya zinc na-agbanye n'elu igwe.
Mwepụ kemịkalụ: Jiri kemịkalụ etchant dị ka muriatic acid jikọtara ya na mmanya ọcha. Nke a na-ewepụ zinc ahụ nke ọma na-ewepụghị ígwè isi. Ị ga-emerịrị nnọpụiche siri ike. Ịhapụ ịsacha na iwepụ acid ahụ ozugbo na-ebute nchara ngwa ngwa na nchara ahụ ekpughere.
Ọnụ ọgụgụ na-ekpebi atụmatụ nkwadebe gị. Ijikwa nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ na-aga n'ihu na-agba ọsọ site na a eriri igwe galvanized na-achọkarị ịsa ahịhịa akpaaka ma ọ bụ kpo oku induction mpaghara n'ihu ebe ịgbado ọkụ. N'ụzọ dị iche, ịmepụta omenala na otu galvanized ígwè mpempe akwụkwọ na-emekarị ka akwụkwọ ntuziaka flap-disc egweri ndị kasị ọnụ-irè na bara uru nhọrọ.
Nyocha Usoro ịgbado ọkụ maka ihe ndị galvanized
Iwepu mkpuchi nke ọma adịghị esiri ike na ọnọdụ ubi. Ihe nchọta microscopic zinc na-anọgidekarị. Ya mere, ị ga-ahọrọ usoro ịgbado ọkụ nke nwere ike ịnagide obere mmetọ.
Usoro ịgbado ọkụ |
Chọpụta ndidi Zinc |
Ngwa ahịa akwadoro |
Ngwa dabara adaba |
FCAW (Flux-Cored) |
Elu |
Ọta abụọ ma ọ bụ waya nwere nchekwa onwe ya |
Nnukwu nhazi, ọrụ ubi n'èzí |
SMAW (mkpụrụ osisi) |
Elu |
E7018 obere-hydrogen electrodes |
Nlekọta, akụkụ gbara ọkpụrụkpụ |
GMAW (MIG) |
Na-agafeghị oke |
ER70S-6 waya siri ike |
Mmepụta ngwa ngwa dị elu, mpempe akwụkwọ dị mkpa |
GTAW (TIG) |
efu |
N/A |
Enwere m nkụda mmụọ nke ukwuu |
FCAW (Flux-Cored) & SMAW (Stick): Usoro ndị a na-egosipụta oke nnabata maka trace zinc. Ihe nfegharị nke arụnyere n'ime electrodes na-eku ọkụ ngwa ngwa n'ime ọdọ mmiri a wụrụ awụ. Ha na-agbasi mbọ ike na-ekpochapụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-ebuli adịghị ọcha na ikuku ndị tọrọ atọ n'ime oyi akwa. Maka ọrụ SMAW, ndị injinia na-akwado E7018 obere-hydrogen electrodes. Ha na-emepụta welds siri ike, ductile ọbụna mgbe obere mkpuchi fọdụrụ.
GMAW (MIG): MIG waya siri ike na-enye ọmarịcha mmepụta ọsọ. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na mkpa galvanized ígwè mpempe akwụkwọ mgbakọ. Agbanyeghị, MIG enweghị ihe na-eme mgbanwe na-arụ ọrụ. Ọ chọrọ njikwa oke. Ị ga-eji usoro ntinye ọkụ dị obere dị ka nnyefe mkpirisi ma ọ bụ pulsed-spray. Na-eji waya ER70S-6 mgbe niile. Silịkọn na manganese agbakwunyere na ER70S-6 na-arụ ọrụ dị ka deoxidizers, na-enyere aka ịgbatị cha cha na ọgụ n'ime porosity.
GTAW (TIG) - Mpaghara mwepu: Ahụmahụ ubi na-egosi TIG na-eme ihe dị ka nro na ihe ndị a. Eletrọd tungsten na-adịghị eri nri chọrọ ịdị ọcha zuru oke. A na-ebute ya ozugbo site na akara zinc ọ bụla agbaghara n'oge nkwadebe. Akụ ahụ ga-agbụ mmiri, kpafuo, ma mechaa menyụọ. Wepụ TIG na ọrụ gị kpamkpam ọ gwụla ma ị na-arụ ọrụ na igwe anaghị agba nchara 100%.
Nkwenye ịdịmma njikọ yana Mweghachi Weld
Ọtụtụ ndị na-emepụta ihe na-echegbu onwe ha maka ntụkwasị obi na-adịte aka nke mgbakọ ndị a. Ha na-ajụ ma ọ bụrụ na ihe onwunwe na-emebi emebi n'oge okirikiri okpomọkụ.
International Lead Zinc Research Organisation (ILZRO) mere nnwale anụ ahụ buru ibu na nkwonkwo ndị a. Ngwongwo arụrụ arụ na-adịgide kpamkpam. Ihe data ILZRO na-egosi na nkwonkwo galvanized agbadoro nke ọma na-egosipụta ike nha nha nha, radis na-ehulata, na arụmọrụ mmetụta ma e jiri ya tụnyere mgbakọ nchara na-enweghị mkpuchi.
Otú ọ dị, obere micro-porosity na-adịgide adịgide. Ị nwere ike kwụọ ụgwọ ike ọgwụgwụ nke porosity site na iji atụmatụ injinịa smart. Maka nkwonkwo ndị nwere oke ike ọgwụgwụ cyclical dị oke egwu, ndị injinia na-akọwakarị 'welds buru ibu.' Ịbawanye nha weld fillet nke ọma na-ebelata olu furu efu na obere porosity. Mmụba anụ ahụ a na-ebelata mkpokọta nchekasị. Ọ na-egbochi zinc penetrator intergranular cracking ịgbasa site na mgbọrọgwụ.
N'ikpeazụ, egweri na ịgbado ọkụ na-ebibi ihe mgbochi nke ịchụ àjà. Ị ga-emejuputa ihe nchebe corrosion post-weld iji gbochie nchara ikuku ngwa ngwa. Kpebie nnabata siri ike na ọkọlọtọ ASTM A780 maka iweghachi oyi akwa mkpuchi.
Ezipụta ojiji nke agba nwere zinc, nke a na-akpọkarị spray galvanizing oyi. Tinye nke a kpamkpam na HAZ na mpaghara ala niile. Gbaa mbọ hụ na ọkpụrụkpụ ihe nkiri kpọrọ nkụ dabara na oyi akwa na-ekpo ọkụ gbara ya gburugburu. Maka ndị otu nhazi ka ukwuu, thermal metallizing (zinc spraying) na-enye njikọ dị elu, ọkwa ọkwa ụlọ ọrụ. Na-eso ASTM A780 na-ahụ na nkwonkwo agbadoro ọhụrụ na-enweta parity ndụ okirikiri n'akụkụ mkpuchi mbụ na-ekpo ọkụ.
Mmechi
Ịgbado ọkụ ndị a alloys nchebe bụ kpamkpam ike maka nhazi na ngwa ụlọ ọrụ. Ị ga-agarịrị ya dị ka usoro a na-achịkwa nke ọma karịa ụzọ mkpirisi weld ozugbo. Ịwụfe usoro nkwadebe na-emebi ma iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe na nchekwa mmadụ. Iwepụta oge iji yipụ njikọ ahụ na-eme ka ntinye miri emi, arcs kwụsiri ike, yana ịrụ ọrụ igwe siri ike.
Iji meziwanye nsonaazụ nrụpụta gị, mee usoro ndị a ozugbo:
Nyochaa akụrụngwa ịwepụta uzuzu mpaghara gị ugbu a iji hụ na ọ ga-ewe iwe zuru oke.
Melite WPS gị (Nkọwa Usoro Welding) iji gosipụta nke ọma 1 ruo 4 inch iwepụ zinc.
Hazie ihe ị ga-eji emetụ aka mgbe weld ga-adaba na ASTM A780 gbara ọkpụrụkpụ ihe nkiri kpọrọ nkụ chọrọ.
Ngwa nwere mmetụta mgbanwe pụọ na TIG wee mejuputa FCAW ọta abụọ ma ọ bụ pulsed MIG maka nnabata adịghị ọcha ka mma.
FAQ
Ajụjụ: Ịgbado ọkụ galvanized ígwè ebelata metal?
A: Mba. Mgbe a kwadebere ya nke ọma, ike mgbaji na mgbaji siri ike na-anọgide na-adị ka ígwè anaghị ekpuchi ya. Iwepu oyi akwa zinc tupu akụọ arc ahụ na-eme ka nbanye kwesịrị ekwesị ma gbochie nnukwu ntụpọ nhazi.
Ajụjụ: Enwere m ike ị drinkụ mmiri ara ehi iji gbochie ahụ ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ ígwè?
A: Ọbụghị. Mmiri ara ehi anaghị enye nchebe iku ume. Ọ na-abanye na tract digestive, na-enye nchebe efu maka ngụgụ gị. Naanị mmịpụta isi iyi na PPE kwesịrị ekwesị (dị ka ndị respirators P100) na-egbochi ikpughe dị ize ndụ na zinc oxide.
Ajụjụ: Enwere m ike iji TIG weld galvanized ígwè?
A: Ọ na-ada mbà nke ukwuu. TIG chọrọ elu dị ọcha na-enweghị atụ. Ọbụna ihe fọdụrụ na zinc microscopic nke fọdụrụ ma egweri siri ike ga-emerụ emerụ electrode tungsten nke ukwuu, na-eme ka arc na-awagharị, gbụọ ọnụ mmiri, na n'ikpeazụ daa.
Ajụjụ: Ogologo oge ole ka m kwesịrị ịkwanye galvanizing tupu ịgbado ọkụ?
A: Ụkpụrụ ụlọ ọrụ (dị ka AWS D-19.0) na-ekpebi ikpochapụ 1 ruo 4 sentimita asatọ site na mpaghara weld. Ihe nchekwa a dị oke mkpa na-egbochi ikpo ọkụ ikuku ikuku na zinc gbara ya gburugburu wee dọba ya n'ime ọdọ mmiri a wụrụ awụ.
