Ukushisela I-Galvanized Steel isewumkhuba ojwayelekile kuwo wonke ukwakhiwa kwezimboni nobunjiniyela besakhiwo. I-zinc coating eqinile inikeza ukumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu. Lokhu kwenza lezi zinto zibaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni zangaphandle ezinokhahlo kanye namaphrojekthi engqalasizinda adingekayo.
Kodwa-ke, ukujoyina lezi zinsiza kwethula izinselelo ezihlukile zensimbi nokuphepha uma kuqhathaniswa nokusebenza ngensimbi ye-carbon steel. Isendlalelo se-zinc esivikelayo sidala izingxabano eziqondile. Uzobhekana nezinkinga eziphathelene nokuzinza kwe-arc, ukuhlanzeka kwe-weld pool, nempilo yabasebenzi. Awukwazi ukumane ushaye i-arc phezu kwe-coating futhi ulindele ukuhlangana okuhlanzekile, okuqinile ngaphandle kwemiphumela emibi.
Lo mhlahlandlela uhlinzeka ngohlaka olusekelwe ebufakazini lonjiniyela, abaphathi bokwenziwa, kanye namathimba okuthenga. Sizohlola izidingo zokulungiselela eziyisibopho, ukukhethwa kwenqubo efanele, namazinga okuthobela abalulekile njenge-OSHA ne-AWS. Uzofunda ukuthi ungagcina kanjani ubuqotho besakhiwo futhi uvikele abasebenzi bakho ngempumelelo.
Okuthathwayo Okubalulekile
Kuyinto engenzeka kakhulu ukushisela insimbi ebilisiwe, inqobo nje uma ukulungiswa okuqinile kwangaphambi kokushisela kanye nokubuyiselwa kokunamathela kwe-post-weld (ASTM A780) kulandelwa.
I-Zinc ihwamuka ku- ~ 420°C, okuholela ekungcoleni kwe-weld pool, i-porosity, kanye nezingozi eziyingozi zempilo (I-Metal Fume Fever) uma ingalawulwa nge-PPE efanele kanye nokukhipha umoya.
Indaba yokukhethwa kwenqubo: I-Flux-Cored Arc Welding (FCAW) ne-Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW/Stick) iphatha ukulandelela i-zinc kangcono kune-Gas Metal Arc Welding (MIG), kuyilapho i-Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (TIG) kufanele igwenywe ngenkuthalo ngenxa yokuzwela okwedlulele kokulandelela i-zinc.
Ubuqotho besakhiwo buyagcinwa: Ngokocwaningo lwe-ILZRO, insimbi yokushisela efakwe kahle ifana nokuqina kokuphuka namandla okukhathala kwamajoyinti ensimbi angamboziwe.
I-Physics of Welding galvanized Steel: Izingozi Zesakhiwo
Ukuze uqonde ukuthi kungani i-galvanized material iziphatha kabi ngaphansi kwe-arc, kufanele ubheke i-thermodynamics engaphansi. Inkinga eyinhloko ilele kumehluko omkhulu wokushisa phakathi kwento evikelayo nesisekelo sensimbi.
I-Zinc incibilika cishe ku-420°C (788°F). Ihwamuka ngokuphelele cishe ku-906°C (1663°F). Insimbi ye-Carbon idinga amazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu ukuze incibilike, ngokuvamile phakathi kuka-1370°C no-1500°C (2500°F kuya ku-2732°F). Uma ufaka i-arc yokushisela, ungqimba lwezinc luphenduka igesi eguquguqukayo isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba insimbi engaphansi iqale ngisho nokuncibilika.
Okubalulekile |
I-Melting Point |
Iphuzu Lokuhwamuka |
Ukuziphatha Ngaphansi Kwe-Arc |
Insimbi Yekhabhoni |
~1370°C - 1500°C |
~ 3000°C |
Yakha ichibi elincibilikisiwe elizinzile |
I-Zinc Coating |
~420°C |
~ 906°C |
Ihwamuka kakhulu |
Uma ingancishisiwe, le zinc ehwamukile ibambeka ngaphakathi kwechibi lokushisela eliqinisayo. Amabhamuza egesi azabalaza ukubalekela insimbi ewuketshezi ye-viscous ngaphambi kokuba iqhwa. Lokhu kugoqa kubangela i-porosity enzima yangaphakathi. Uzobona futhi ukufakwa kwe-slag esindayo kanye nokuntuleka njalo kokuhlanganisa eduze kwezinzwane ezishisela.
Ukushisela ngokuqondile phezu kwe-coating kuhlala kuyisibopho esinzima sesakhiwo. Kumelwe uphathe ungqimba lwezinc njengento engcolile eyingozi ngaphakathi kwendawo ethinteke kakhulu ekushiseni (HAZ). Noma yimuphi umzamo wokushisa nge-coating ngaphandle kokulungiselela uzophazamisa amandla ahlangene futhi uqalise i-spatter ngokweqile, engalindelekile.
Izingozi Zezempilo Nokuhambisana Nemvelo (OSHA & AWS Standards)
Ngaphandle kokukhubazeka kwesakhiwo, i-zinc ehwamukayo iveza ingozi enkulu yezinto eziphilayo. Lapho i-arc ishaya uqweqwe, ikhiqiza intuthu ewugqinsi, emhlophe ye-zinc oxide. Ukuhogela le ntuthu enobuthi kuholela ngqo esimweni esaziwa ngokuthi yi-Metal Fume Fever.
I-Metal Fume Fever idala izimpawu ezinzima, ezinjengomkhuhlane. Izisebenzi zivame ukubika ukugodola okukhulu, umkhuhlane ophezulu, isicanucanu, ukukhathala, kanye nokunambitheka okumnandi okuhlukile emlonyeni. Lezi zimpawu zivame ukuqala emahoreni ambalwa ngemva kokuphela koshintsho. Angakwazi ukuwenza angasebenzi ngokuphelele u-opharetha.
Imboni inezinganekwane eziningi eziyingozi mayelana nobuthi be-zinc. Kufanele sicacise ngebhayoloji yangempela ukuze sivikele abasebenzi ngendlela efanele.
Okokuqala, i-zinc iyancibilika emanzini. Umzimba womuntu uyagaya futhi uwukhiphe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngokungafani nokuchayeka kwe-chromium yomthofu noma ene-hexavalent, ukuhogela i-zinc oxide akubangeli ukunqwabelana kwensimbi esindayo yesikhathi eside. Lesi sifo sihlala siwohloka kakhulu amahora angama-24 kuye kwangama-48, kodwa akuvamile ukuthi sibangele ukulimala okungapheli kwesistimu.
Okwesibili, ukuphuza ubisi kunikeza i-zero isivikelo sebhayoloji ekuhogeleni i-zinc oxide. Lokhu kusaqhubeka njengenganekwane esabalele yaphansi yesitolo. Ubisi luya esiswini. Intuthu iya emaphashini. Ukuthembela obisini njengendlela yokuzivikela kubeka abaqhubi engozini eqondile.
Ukubambelela ngokuqinile emithethweni ye-OSHA namazinga e-ANSI/ASC Z-49.1 kuqinisekisa indawo yokusebenza ephephile. Kufanele usebenzise izilawuli zobunjiniyela kanye nezinto ezifanele zokuzivikela.
Ukukhipha Umthombo: Sebenzisa indawo yokukhipha umoya ekhipha umoya ngqo endaweni yokushisela. Izinto ezikhipha intuthu kufanele zidonse intuthu isuke endaweni yokuphefumula yomsebenzisi.
Isivikelo Sokuphefumula: Abasebenzi kufanele bagqoke ama-respirators e-half-mask afakwe izihlungi ze-P100 HEPA.
Amasistimu Athuthukile: Ngezikhala ezivalekile noma ukukhiqizwa okuqhubekayo, gunyaza ukusetshenziswa kwe-Powered Air-Purifying Respirators (PAPR) ehlanganiswe nezigqoko zokushisela.
Ukungenisa komoya Okujwayelekile: Qinisekisa ukuthi ukuhwebelana komoya kwezitolo ezizungezile kuhlangabezana nesilinganiso esincane sokuphepha kwemvelo.
Ukulungiselela Ngaphambi Kokushisela: Umthetho '1-4 Intshi'
Ukulungiswa kwendawo kukhomba impumelelo yokugcina yelunga. I-American Welding Society ibeka imihlahlandlela eqinile ngaphansi kwe-AWS D-19.0 yokulungisa izinsimbi ezimboziwe. Izinga elisemthethweni lidinga ukuthi opharetha basuse i-zinc enamathela ngamayintshi angu-1 kuya kwangu-4 (ubuncane obungu-10-25mm) ezinhlangothini zombili zejoyinti le-weld elihlosiwe.
Unezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokususa i-coating. Indlela ngayinye inezinzuzo nemikhawulo ethile.
Ukususwa Kwemishini (Okuncanyelwayo): Sebenzisa i-hard grinding disc noma isondo le-flap elilumayo. Gaya ilunga libe yinsimbi ekhanyayo, engenalutho. Le ndlela iyashesha futhi iphumelela kakhulu. Nokho, qaphela ingozi yokuqaliswa. Ngisho nokugaya okunzima kuvame ukushiya i-zinc encane encane igxilwe endaweni yensimbi.
Ukususwa Kwamakhemikhali: Sebenzisa i-chemical etchant efana ne-uriatic acid ehlanganiswe noviniga omhlophe. Lokhu kuhlubula i-zinc ngokuhlanzekile ngaphandle kokukhipha isisekelo sensimbi. Kufanele uzijwayeze ukungathathi hlangothi ngokuqinile ngemva kwalokho. Ukwehluleka ukugeza kanye nokwenza i-asidi ingabi namandla ngokushesha kubangela ukugqwala okusheshayo ensimbi eveziwe.
Isikali sisho isu lakho lokulungiselela. Ukuphatha imigijimo emikhulu eqhubekayo esuka ku-a ikhoyili yensimbi ebilisiwe ngokuvamile idinga ukuxubha okuzenzakalelayo noma ukushisisa kwendawo ngaphambi kwesiteshi sokushisela. Ngokuphambene, ukwakheka ngokwezifiso kokukodwa ishidi lensimbi elithathiwe ngokuvamile lenza ukugaya i-flap-disc ngesandla kube yisinqumo esingabizi kakhulu nesisebenzayo.
Ukuhlolwa Kwenqubo Yokushisela Kwezinto Ezivunyiwe
Ukukhipha i-coating ngokuphelele akuvamile ukufezeka ezimweni zensimu. I-zinc ye-microscopic trace ngokuvamile ihlala. Ngakho-ke, kufanele ukhethe inqubo yokushisela ekwazi ukubekezelela ukungcola okuncane.
Inqubo yokushisela |
Landelela Ukubekezelelana kweZinc |
Izinto Ezisetshenziswayo Ezinconyiwe |
Ukufaneleka Kohlelo |
I-FCAW (Flux-Cored) |
Phezulu |
Intambo enezihlangu ezimbili noma ozivikele yona |
Umsebenzi onzima wesakhiwo, wangaphandle |
I-SMAW (Induku) |
Phezulu |
E7018 low-hydrogen electrode |
Isondlo, izigaba eziwugqinsi |
I-GMAW (MIG) |
Kuphakathi |
I-ER70S-6 intambo eqinile |
Ukukhiqizwa kwesivinini esikhulu, amashidi amancane |
I-GTAW (TIG) |
Uziro |
N/A |
Edangele kakhulu |
I-FCAW (Flux-Cored) & SMAW (Stick): Lezi zinqubo zibonisa ukubekezelela okuphezulu kokulandela i-zinc. Ama-flux agents akhelwe kuma-electrode ayahwamuka ngokushesha echibini elincibilikisiwe. Bakhuculula idamu ngenkuthalo, bephakamisa ukungcola futhi bavale amagesi ongqimbeni lwe-slag. Ngokusebenza kwe-SMAW, onjiniyela batusa kakhulu ama-electrode e-E7018 aphansi-hydrogen. Bakhiqiza ama-weld aqinile, ama-ductile ngisho nalapho izinsalela ezincane zokumboza zihlala.
I-GMAW (MIG): I-MIG yocingo oluqinile inikeza isivinini esihle kakhulu sokukhiqiza. Isebenza kahle ikakhulukazi emincane imihlangano yeshidi lensimbi elashukumisa . Kodwa-ke, i-MIG ayinawo ama-ejenti asebenzayo. Idinga ukulawula okuqinile kwepharamitha. Kufanele usebenzise izindlela zokufaka ukushisa okuphansi njenge-short-circuit noma i-pulsed-spray transfer. Njalo sebenzisa intambo engu-ER70S-6. I-silicon engeziwe kanye ne-manganese ku-ER70S-6 isebenza njengama-deoxidizer, isiza ukwenza bube bube ubuhlalu futhi ilwe nokuqina kwangaphakathi.
I-GTAW (TIG) – Indawo Engabandakanyi: Okuhlangenwe nakho kwenkundla kufakazela ukuthi i-TIG yenza njengephupho elibi kulezi zinsiza. I-electrode ye-tungsten engasebenziseki idinga ukuhlanzeka okuphelele. Ingcoliswa ngokushesha yinoma iyiphi i-zinc elahlekile ngesikhathi sokulungiselela. I-arc izokhafula, izule, futhi ekugcineni icime. Ikhiphe i-TIG emisebenzini yakho ngokuphelele ngaphandle uma usebenza ngensimbi engenalutho eqinisekisiwe engu-100%.
Ukuqinisekiswa Kwekhwalithi Okuhlanganyelwe kanye Nokubuyiselwa Kwe-Post-Weld
Abakhiqizi abaningi bakhathazeka ngokuthembeka kwesikhathi eside kwale mihlangano. Bayangabaza uma izakhiwo ezibonakalayo ziwohloka ngesikhathi somjikelezo we-thermal.
I-International Lead Zinc Research Organisation (ILZRO) yenza ukuhlolwa okujulile ngokomzimba kulawa malungu. Izakhiwo zemishini zihlala zinjalo. Idatha ye-ILZRO ifakazela ukuthi amajoyinti ashiselwe kahle abonisa amandla alinganayo aqinile, i-bend radii, nokusebenza komthelela uma kuqhathaniswa nezinsimbi ezingagcotshiwe.
Kodwa-ke, i-micro-porosity encane ivame ukuphikelela. Ungakwazi ukunxephezela ukukhathala kwe-porosity usebenzisa amasu obunjiniyela ahlakaniphile. Emajoyintini abhekene nokukhathala okubalulekile komjikelezo, onjiniyela bavame ukucacisa 'amashisela amakhulu kakhulu.' Ukwenyusa kancane usayizi we-fillet weld kunciphisa ngempumelelo ivolumu elahleka ku-micro-porosity. Lokhu kukhuliswa komzimba kwehlisa ukugxila kwengcindezi kukonke. Ivimbela ukuqhekeka kwe-zinc penetrator intergranular ekusakazeni ngempande.
Ekugcineni, ukugaya nokushisela kubhubhisa umgoqo womhlatshelo. Kufanele usebenzise ukuvikela ukugqwala kwe-post-weld ukuze uvimbele ukugqwala okusheshayo komkhathi. Chaza ukuthobela okuqinile kuzinga le-ASTM A780 lokubuyisela isendlalelo esivikelayo.
Cacisa ukusetshenziswa kopende abacebile nge-zinc, abajwayele ukubizwa ngokuthi isifutho esibandayo sokugquma. Faka lokhu kakhulu ku-HAZ nakuzo zonke izindawo ezingaphansi. Qinisekisa ukuthi ukujiya kwefilimu eyomile kufana nongqimba oluzungezile lwe-hot-dip. Emalungwini amakhulu esakhiwo, i-thermal metallizing (i-zinc spraying) ihlinzeka ngebhondi ephezulu, yezinga lasembonini. Ukulandela i-ASTM A780 kuqinisekisa ukuthi ilunga elisanda kushiselwa lifinyelela ukulingana kwe-lifecycle eceleni kwe-hot-dip coating yasekuqaleni.
Isiphetho
Ukushisela lawa ma-alloys okuvikela kuyasebenza ngokuphelele ekusetshenzisweni kwesakhiwo kanye nezimboni. Kufanele uyibheke njengenqubo elawulwa ngokuqinile kunesinqamuleli se-weld eqondile. Ukweqa izinyathelo zokulungiselela kulimaza kokubili ubuqotho bokwakha nokuphepha kwabantu. Ukuthatha isikhathi sokukhumula ilunga kuqinisekisa ukungena okujulile, ama-arcs azinzile, nokusebenza komshini okuqinile.
Ukuze uthuthukise imiphumela yakho yokukhiqiza, thatha lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo:
Hlola ingqalasizinda yakho yamanje yokukhipha intuthu ukuze uqinisekise isivinini esanele sokuthwebula.
Buyekeza i-WPS (Izicaciso Zenqubo Yokushisela) ukuze ubonise ngokusobala amabanga angu-1 kuya kwangu-4 ayintshi okususwa kwe-zinc.
Hlela izinto zakho ezisetshenziswayo zokuthintwa kwe-post-weld ukuze ziqondaniswe ngokuqinile nezidingo zokuqina kwefilimu eyomile ye-ASTM A780.
Dlulisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezizwelayo kude ne-TIG futhi usebenzise i-FCAW enezihlangu ezimbili noma i-MIG eshayekile ukuze uthole ukubekezelela ukungcola okungcono.
FAQ
Q: Ingabe ukushisela insimbi eyenza buthaka insimbi?
IMP: Cha. Uma ilungiswe kahle, amandla aqinile kanye nokuqina kokuphuka kuhlala kufana nensimbi engamboziwe. Ukukhipha isendlalelo se-zinc ngaphambi kokushaya i-arc kuqinisekisa ukungena okufanele futhi kuvimbela ukukhubazeka okukhulu kwesakhiwo.
Umbuzo: Ngingakwazi yini ukuphuza ubisi ukuvimbela i-metal fume fever?
A: Lutho neze. Ubisi alunikezi isivikelo sokuphefumula. Ingena emgudwini wokugaya ukudla, inikeze ukuzivikela okuyiziro kumaphaphu akho. Ukukhishwa komthombo kuphela kanye ne-PPE efanele (njenge-P100 respirators) okuvimbela ukuchayeka okuyingozi ku-zinc oxide.
Q: Ngingakwazi ukusebenzisa i-TIG ukushisela insimbi enamagqabhagqabha?
A: Kuyadumaza kakhulu. I-TIG idinga indawo ehlanzeke ngokwedlulele. Ngisho nezinsalela ze-zinc ezincane kakhulu ezisele ngemva kokugaya kanzima zizongcolisa kakhulu i-tungsten electrode, kubangele i-arc ukuba izule, ikhafule, futhi ekugcineni ihluleke.
Q: Ngabe ngidinga emuva kude kangakanani ukugaya uthayela ngaphambi kokushisela?
A: Amazinga womkhakha (afana ne-AWS D-19.0) ayalela ukusulwa kwamayintshi angu-1 ukuya kwangu-4 ukusuka endaweni yokushisela. Lesi sigcinalwazi esibalulekile sivimbela ukushisa okuzungezile ekuhwamuliseni i-zinc ezungezile nokuyidonsela echibini lokushisela elincibilikisiwe.
