Urabona inganda zibyuma zihinduka vuba uko ibiciro bya karubone bizamuka. Amategeko mashya nka EU ya Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism ituma bigora ahantu hatanga imyuka myinshi
ibicuruzwa byibyuma kugirango bahatane.
Uburyo bwubucuruzi burahinduka kuko ibiciro bya karubone bizana ingaruka ninyungu.
Gukora ibyuma bibisi bifite ibibazo byibiciro, ariko ababikora bafite ingufu zisukuye bafite akarusho mubucuruzi bwibyuma.
Ugomba kwitondera. Ejo hazaza h’ubucuruzi bw’ibyuma muri Amerika biterwa nuburyo uhangana niyi myuka ya karubone.
Ibyingenzi
Ibiciro bya karubone bihindura uburyo ibyuma bikozwe kandi bigurishwa. Ibigo bigomba guhinduka kugirango bikomere ku isoko.
Uburyo bwiza bwo gukora ibyuma birashobora kugabanya ibiciro no gufasha ibigo gukora neza. Ibigo bigomba gukoresha amafaranga mubuhanga bwicyatsi.
Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi uhindura imipaka ituma ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga biva mu mahanga bihenze cyane. Ibi bihindura uburyo ibyuma bigurishwa kwisi yose.
Ibihugu bifite imyuka ihumanya ikirere byunguka mubucuruzi bwibyuma. Umugabane wamasoko uzahinduka mugihe ibiciro bya karubone bizamutse.
Gukorera hamwe no kugira amategeko asobanutse nibyingenzi mumarushanwa akwiye. Ibi bintu bifasha inganda zicyuma guca karubone neza.
Ibiciro bya Carbone ninganda zinganda
Kuzamuka kw'ibiciro kubakora ibyuma
Isosiyete ikora ibyuma ubu igomba guhangana nigiciro gishya. Ibiciro bya karubone nigice kinini cyo gukora ibyuma muri iki gihe. Sisitemu y’ubucuruzi bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi ni itegeko ahandi hantu hashobora gukoreshwa vuba. Iri tegeko rituma ibigo bitekereza uburyo bakora ibyuma. Niba ukoresheje inzira zishaje zo gukora ibyuma, ibiciro byawe bizamuka. Ibiciro bya karubone bitwara amafaranga menshi. Ugomba gutegura ibi biciro, kandi ibi birashobora gutuma ibyuma byawe bihenze. Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi uhindura ibintu nabyo bihindura ibintu. Iragerageza guhagarika ibyuma mubihugu byangiza cyane kuba bihendutse. Iyo amafaranga ya karubone yubusa yagiye, wishyura byinshi kuri toni ya karubone. Ibi bituma ushakisha inzira zisukuye zo gukora ibyuma.
Icyuho cyiza no kugabana inganda
Ntabwo buri sosiyete ikora ibyuma yishyura kimwe kuri karubone. Uburyo ukora ibyuma bigena ikiguzi cyawe. Inzira zimwe zikoresha imbaraga nyinshi no gukora karubone nyinshi. Ubundi buryo ukoresha ingufu nke no gukora karubone nke. Urashobora kubibona mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira:
Uburyo bwo kubyaza umusaruro |
Ingaruka za Carbone |
Urwego rwo gukora neza |
BF-BOF |
Hejuru |
Munsi yikigereranyo |
DRI-EAF |
Guciriritse |
Hejuru Ikigereranyo |
Kuraho EAF |
Hasi |
Hejuru Ikigereranyo |
H-DRI-EAF |
Zeru |
Hejuru |
Niba ukoresha itanura-shingiro ryibanze rya ogisijeni, wishyura byinshi kuri karubone. Niba ukoresha hydrogène ishingiye kugabanuka, ntacyo wishyura hafi ya karubone. Ibi bituma ibigo bimwe bikomera kuruta ibindi. Ibigo bifite uburyo busukuye birashobora kugurisha ibyuma bike. Ibigo bidakora neza bifite ikibazo cyo gukomeza. Ikinyuranyo cyibiciro kigenda cyiyongera uko ibiciro bya karubone bizamuka. Kurugero, kugabanya toni imwe ya CO2 birashobora kugura amadorari 110 muburyo bumwe muri 2030.Ikoranabuhanga ryiza rishobora kuzigama amadorari 20 kuri toni yicyuma. Ibiciro bya karubone bigabanya inganda mubayobozi nabasigaye inyuma.
Inkunga yo Gukora Icyatsi kibisi
Noneho, hariho impamvu nini yo gukoresha tekinoroji ya karubone nkeya. Ibiciro bya Carbone na CBAM bigusunikira gukoresha inzira zisukuye. Niba ukoresheje hydrogène ishingiye ku gukora ibyuma, urashobora kugabanya toni zisaga miliyoni 20 za CO2. Imbonerahamwe ikurikira irerekana uburyo ibiciro bya karubone bihindura igiciro cyo gukoresha hydrogen:
Igiciro cya Carbone ($ / ton-CO2) |
Ubwoko bwa hydrogen |
Kurushanwa |
300 |
Icyatsi H2 |
Igiciro cyo gupiganwa |
120 |
Ubururu H2 |
Igiciro cyo gupiganwa |
Iyo ibiciro bya karubone ari $ 300 kuri toni, hydrogène yicyatsi nicyiza. Ndetse kuri $ 120 kuri toni, hydrogen yubururu nuguhitamo neza. Ibi biciro bituma utekereza kubushoramari bushya. Icyuma kibisi gifasha ibidukikije kandi kigufasha guhatanira isoko ryisi. Nkuko ahantu henshi ukoresha ibiciro bya karubone, ukeneye ikoranabuhanga rishya kugirango ukomeze isoko ryawe kandi ugenzure ibiciro byawe.
Guhindura imipaka ya Carbone hamwe nubucuruzi bwibyuma
EU CBAM no guhungabana mu bucuruzi ku isi
Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi uhindura imipaka y’ubucuruzi. Ubu Umuryango w'ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi wishyuza ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ku byuma byinjira. Iri tegeko rituma ibyuma biva mu bihugu byangiza cyane bigura amafaranga menshi. Abakora ibyuma hanze yuburayi bishyura amafaranga yinyongera niba ibyuma byabo bifite karubone nyinshi. Ibiciro bishya bituma ibigo bitekereza kumurongo utanga.
Umuryango w'ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi utekereza ko ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga bizagabanuka uko ibiciro bya karubone bizamuka. Urashobora kubona imibare iri kumeza ikurikira:
Ibiciro bya Carbone |
Biteganijwe ko Kugabanuka mu bihugu by’Uburayi bitumizwa mu 2034 |
Ikigereranyo cyo Kugabanuka muri Kilotone (kt) |
Hagati |
24% |
9.500 kt |
Hejuru |
30% |
11.900 kt |
Hasi |
20% |
8.100 kt |
Umuryango w'ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi ubona amafaranga menshi iyo ibiciro bya karubone bizamutse.
Hamwe n’ibiciro biciriritse, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi winjiza miliyoni zisaga 4.100 $ buri mwaka muri 2034.
Ibiciro biri hejuru bizana amadolari arenga miliyoni 4.400 buri mwaka.
Ibiciro biri hasi biracyatanga hafi miliyoni 3.800 $ kumwaka.
Abakora ibyuma hanze yuburayi bahura nibibazo bishya. Hano hari icyuho cyemewe namategeko atoroshye atuma igenamigambi rikomera. Ibicuruzwa bigenda bihinduka mugihe ibigo bigerageza gukurikiza amategeko mashya. Bamwe bahangayikishijwe n’imirwano y’ubucuruzi kuko CBAM igira ingaruka ku bihugu bifite amategeko y’ibidukikije bidakomeye.
Ibisubizo biturutse mu mahanga yohereza ibicuruzwa hanze
Ibihugu nk'Ubushinwa, Ubuhinde, n'Uburusiya ntibikunda ubutegetsi bw'Uburayi. Bavuga ko ari akarengane kandi bifasha ibigo by’uburayi. Batekereza ko CBAM ari inzitizi yubucuruzi. Muri COP-28, abayobozi baturutse muri ibyo bihugu bavuze nabi iryo tegeko. Bavuze ko byica amategeko ya WTO.
Ibi bihugu ntibikora ibirego. Batangira gukora sisitemu yo gucuruza ibyuka byabo. Ubuhinde n'Ubushinwa bivanga kunegura n'ibikorwa. Bakora ku mategeko mashya agenga ibiciro bya karubone ku masoko yabo. Ibindi bihugu birwanya amategeko na politiki. Bamwe bifuza kugabanyirizwa ibicuruzwa hanze kugirango barinde ubucuruzi bwibyuma. Izi nyungu zihagarika imyuka ya karubone ikuraho amafaranga yicyuma cyoherejwe hanze. Abantu bajya impaka niba izo nyungu zikurikiza amategeko ya WTO cyangwa zishobora gutera ibiciro bishya.
Dore imbonerahamwe yerekana ingamba zimwe na zimwe za politiki:
Igipimo cya Politiki |
Ingaruka ku nganda zibyuma |
Inyandiko z'inyongera |
Uburyo bwo Guhindura Imipaka ya Carbone (CBAM) |
Irashobora kugabanya ibicuruzwa bitumizwa muri Amerika 26% muri 2024 na 55% muri 2030 |
Intego zo gukora isuku, ibyuma byo murugo birushijeho guhatanwa |
Amafaranga yinjira |
Biteganijwe ko amafaranga yinjira mu bicuruzwa byo muri Amerika yiyongeraho miliyari 4 z'amadolari muri 2024 na miliyari 8.5 z'amadolari muri 2030 |
Amafaranga yo gukomeza gushora imari |
Kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze |
Basabwe gukumira imyuka ya karubone mu gusonera ibicuruzwa byoherejwe hanze mu gihugu |
Impaka zirahari kubijyanye no kubahiriza WTO nibiciro byo kwihorera |
Guhindura Isoko Mugabane mubucuruzi bwibyuma
Umugabane wamasoko uhinduka uko ibiciro bya karubone bizamuka. CBAM isunika abakora ibyuma gukoresha inzira zisukuye. Ibihugu bifite imyuka myinshi itakaza inyungu zabyo. Ibihugu bifite imyuka ihumanya ikirere, nka Gana na Uzubekisitani, bikora neza ku isoko ry’Uburayi. Mozambique yishura byinshi kandi itakaza umwanya.
Ubu, ubucuruzi bwibyuma bufasha ibigo bikoresha amashanyarazi ashobora kongerwa, ntabwo ari amakara. Umuryango w'ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi utanga ku buntu ikoranabuhanga rya H2-DR muri EU ETS. Ubu bufasha butuma ibyuma bishingiye kuri hydrogène bikomera ku isoko. Ibyuma bya BF-BOF byo mu Bushinwa bikomeza gukomera mu gihe gito, ariko bigatsindwa na H2-DRI-EAF uko ibiciro bya karubone bizamuka.
Dore imbonerahamwe yerekana ibi bigenda:
Inzira / Ingaruka |
Ibisobanuro |
Kwimura kuri Steel nkeya |
Itangizwa rya CBAM ritera inzibacyuho kuva mu byuma bishingiye ku makara yerekeza ku byuma bishingiye ku mashanyarazi ashobora kuvugururwa, bigahindura inyungu zigereranywa mu bihugu. |
Ahantu nyaburanga |
Ikoranabuhanga rya H2-DR rizahabwa inkunga ku buntu muri EU ETS, ritere inkunga neza umusaruro w’ibyuma bishingiye kuri H2-DR, bivugurura guhangana ku isi. |
Igiciro-Kurushanwa |
CBAM igira uruhare runini mu guhangana n’ibiciro byo guhangana n’ibyuma byoherezwa mu bihugu by’Uburayi, hamwe n’ibyuma gakondo by’Abashinwa BF-BOF byabanje gukomeza guhangana ariko amaherezo bikabura uburyo bwa H2-DRI-EAF. |
Impanuro: Niba ushaka ko ubucuruzi bwibyuma bugumaho, ugomba gushora imari muburyo bwikoranabuhanga kandi ukareba ibiciro bya karubone.
Uburyo bwo guhindura imipaka ya karubone ihindura amategeko yubucuruzi bwibyuma. Ugomba kureba ibiciro bya karubone, ibyuka bihumanya, hamwe na politiki nshya kugirango ukomeze guhangana.
Iterambere ryisi yose muri Decarbonisation
Itandukaniro rya Politiki y'akarere
Ahantu hatandukanye hari uburyo bwabo bwo kugabanya karubone mubyuma. Uburayi bukoresha uburyo bwo kugenzura imipaka ya Carbone mu kugenzura ibyuma bitumizwa mu mahanga. Umuryango w'ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi urashaka kuba umuyobozi mu byuma bike bya karubone. Bashyizeho amategeko akomeye n'ibiciro. Ubushinwa bukora kimwe cya kabiri cyibyuma byisi. Ubushinwa bukorana nu Burayi gukora ibipimo byicyatsi kibisi. Amerika ikoresha amahoro kugirango irinde ibyuma byayo umutekano. Amerika nayo ifite amategeko yayo agenga ibyuma. Aya mategeko ahindura amafaranga yicyuma muri buri mwanya.
Amatsinda y'Ubushinwa n'Uburayi akorera hamwe ku mategeko y'icyuma.
CBAM yo mu Burayi ihindura ibiciro ku bakora ibyuma muri Amerika n'Ubushinwa.
Agace ka MENA gakora ibyuma bya karubone nkeya ariko bifite ibibazo. Umuryango w'ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi urashaka ibyuma biringaniye, ariko MENA ahanini ikora ibyuma birebire.
Ibyuma by’i Burayi bigizwe na 5% by’ibyuka by’Uburayi. Ibi bivuze kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ni ngombwa cyane.
Inkunga y'icyuma isukuye n'ishoramari
Guverinoma zikoresha amafaranga yo gufasha gukora icyatsi kibisi. Uburayi butanga miliyari 5.5 z'amadolari yo gufasha kwishyura ibihingwa bya hydrogen DRI. Ibi bikubiyemo hafi kimwe cya gatatu cyibiciro byumushinga. Minisiteri ishinzwe ingufu muri Amerika itanga miliyari 6.3 z'amadolari mu mishinga y'ingufu zisukuye. Amerika yishyura kimwe cya kabiri cya buri mushinga. Inkunga isumba izindi muri Amerika ni $ 250 kuri buri toni y'icyuma. Ibi ntibiri munsi yikigereranyo muburayi. Twese hamwe, miliyari 26.6 z'amadolari yakoreshejwe. Ariko ibi bifasha gusa 1,2% yicyuma cyisi muri 2030.
Intara |
Amafaranga y'ingoboka |
% yikiguzi cyumushinga |
Ubushobozi |
Uburayi |
Miliyari 5.5 |
32% |
Miliyoni 17,6 t |
Amerika |
Miliyari 6.3 z'amadolari |
50% (max) |
1,2% kwisi yose |
Inkunga isukuye ifasha ibigo gukoresha uburyo bwa karubone nkeya. Intsinzi iterwa n'imbaraga zisukuye hamwe n'ikoranabuhanga rishya. Ibiciro biri hejuru bituma bigora abanyamerika bakora ibyuma. Politiki ifasha no Kugura amategeko asukuye bituma switch yihuta.
Ingaruka zo Kumeneka kwa Carbone
Hariho ingaruka mugihe amategeko ya karubone atameze hose. Amategeko atandukanye arashobora kwimura ibyuka bihumanya mubindi bihugu aho kubigabanya. Ibicuruzwa bigera kuri 25% biva mu bicuruzwa biva mu mahanga biva mu kirere. Umuryango w'ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi wakoze gahunda ifite agaciro ka miliyari 6.5 zama euro yo guhagarika imyuka ya karubone mu byuma n’imiti. CBAM ifasha mugutumiza mu mahanga kwishyura igiciro kimwe cya karubone. Ibi birashobora kugabanya imyuka ya karubone 19%. Abakora ibyuma bahangayikishijwe no kwimura inganda ahantu hamwe n’amategeko adakomeye. Ibi birashobora kuzamura ibyuka bihumanya isi kandi bigatera igihombo cyakazi.
Icyitonderwa: Ugomba kwitondera ingaruka ziterwa na karubone. Amategeko ataringaniye arashobora guhindura ubucuruzi bwibyuma no kuzamura ibiciro byawe.
Inzitizi n'ejo hazaza h'ubucuruzi bw'icyuma
Ibyuho bya Politiki no Guhuza Ibikenewe
Uhura nibibazo byinshi mugihe ibiciro bya karubone bihindura ubucuruzi bwibyuma. Ibihugu bikoresha amategeko atandukanye ya karubone, bigatuma bigorana guhangana neza. Ahantu hamwe byibanda gusa ku guca dioxyde de carbone, ariko ukibagirwa ingaruka z’imibereho n’ibidukikije ziva mu bucukuzi n’ibyuma. Urabona ibihugu bibitse ibyuma bishaje ubwabyo, bibuza abandi gukora ibyuma bibisi. Iyi myitwarire irashobora kubabaza isi yose.
Hano hari bimwe byingenzi bitandukanya politiki:
Ibihugu byinshi bifuza kugumana ibyuma byabigenewe, bikagora abandi kubona ibikoresho byibyuma bihumanya ikirere.
Gahunda ikunze kwirengagiza ingaruka zamabuye y'agaciro no gukora ibyuma kubantu n'ibidukikije.
Isi yepfo ikeneye ibyuma byinshi kubikenerwa byibanze, ariko Amajyaruguru yisi yose ifite ibyuma byinshi.
Gutunganya ibicuruzwa bitagira ingano hamwe n’amategeko y’ubucuruzi arenganya bituma bigora ibihugu bimwe na bimwe kubona ibyuma bitangiza imyuka.
Ukeneye ubufatanye bwiza mpuzamahanga. Amatsinda nkamahame ngenderwaho yicyuma afasha mugukora inzira zisanzwe zo gupima ibyuka bihumanya. Mu nama nini, abayobozi bemeza ko amategeko asangiwe yorohereza gushora imari mu ikoranabuhanga risukuye. Mugihe ufite ibipimo bisobanutse, urashobora kugabanya ibiciro kandi ugafasha buriwese kugana ibyuma byatsi.
Icyerekezo kirekire cyo gucuruza ibyuma
Urebye imbere, uzabona impinduka nini mubucuruzi bwibyuma uko ibiciro bya karubone bizamuka. Ibiteganijwe byerekana ko mu 2034 ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga by’Uburayi bishobora kugabanukaho 24-30% mu mwaka wa 2034.
Abayobozi b'inganda bazi ko ugomba gushora byinshi kugirango decarbonize ibyuma. Urashobora gukenera € 2- € 3 triliyoni yikoranabuhanga rishya ningufu zicyatsi. Guverinoma nk'Ubudage zimaze gukoresha miliyari zo gufasha. Inganda zibyuma zihagarara. Urashobora gukoresha igabanuka ryibiciro byikoranabuhanga hamwe no kwiyongera kwicyatsi kibisi kugirango ukomeze guhangana.
Urashobora kwigira mubihugu bishyiraho intego zisobanutse kandi bigashyigikira udushya. Iyo leta hamwe namasosiyete akorana, ubona ibisubizo byiza. Ibigo bya leta birashobora kwibanda kuri decarbonisation yigihe kirekire, ntabwo inyungu zigihe gito gusa. Irushanwa riragufasha kandi kubona ibisubizo bishya.
Inama: Reba amategeko mashya nibiciro. Korana nabandi gushiraho amahame akwiye. Shora mu ikoranabuhanga risukuye kugirango ubucuruzi bwawe bwibyuma bukomeze kwisi hamwe nigiciro cyinshi cya karubone.
Isomo |
Ibisobanuro |
Icyerekezo gisobanutse |
Inkunga ikomeye ya politiki iyobora ejo hazaza h'ibyuma. |
Kwishyira mu kaga |
Guverinoma zigomba gusangira ibyago kugirango zishishikarize ibitekerezo bishya. |
Kuba Leta |
Ibigo bya leta birashobora kwibanda ku ntego z'igihe kirekire, ntabwo ari inyungu gusa. |
Irushanwa |
Amarushanwa menshi azana ibisubizo byiza nimpinduka byihuse. |
Urashobora kubona inganda zibyuma zihinduka cyane. Ibiciro bya karubone bituma ubucuruzi bwisi butandukanye. Noneho, ibiciro bya karubone namategeko agenga imipaka bituma ibyuma bitumizwa mu mahanga bigura hejuru ya 25%. Ugomba guhanga amaso uko ukoresha karubone. Ni ngombwa kugenzura ibyuka bihumanya no gushakisha amategeko mashya. Iyo abantu benshi bashaka ibyuma bibisi, haba ibibazo byombi n'amahirwe yo gukura. Imbonerahamwe ikurikira irerekana icyo ugomba gutekereza:
Ingaruka |
Amahirwe |
Ikoranabuhanga rishaje |
Ibyiza byohereza ibyuka nubufatanye bushya |
Iminyururu itoroshye |
Impinduka zifatika binyuze mubufatanye |
Inzibacyuho y'abakozi |
Gukura kumasoko yicyuma kibisi |
Ibibazo
Ni ubuhe buryo bwo guhindura imipaka ya karubone?
Wishyura amafaranga mugihe winjije ibyuma bifite imyuka myinshi ya karubone mukarere runaka. Iri tegeko ryemeza neza ko ibyuma byose bihura nigiciro kimwe cya karubone, aho waba ukorera hose.
Nigute ibiciro bya karubone bigira ingaruka mubucuruzi bwibyuma?
Urabona ibiciro bya karubone biri hejuru bituma ibyuma biva ahantu hasukuye bikurura. Abakora ibicuruzwa bifite imyuka ihumanya ikirere barashobora kugurisha ibyuma kubiciro byiza. Izi mpinduka ziyobora ku isoko ryibyuma kwisi.
Kuki ibihugu bikoresha sisitemu yubucuruzi bwangiza?
Ukoresha uburyo bwo gucuruza ibyuka bihumanya kugirango ugabanye umwanda. Izi sisitemu zishyiraho agapira ku byuka bihumanya ikirere kandi zemerera ibigo kugura cyangwa kugurisha amafaranga. Ibi bigufasha kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere kandi bigahemba umusaruro usukuye.
Icyuma kibisi ni iki?
Wita ibyuma 'icyatsi ' iyo ubikoze hamwe na karubone nkeya. Ukoresha ingufu zishobora kubaho cyangwa hydrogen aho gukoresha amakara. Icyuma kibisi kigufasha kubahiriza amategeko mashya kandi kigakomeza ubucuruzi bwawe.
Nigute ushobora kuguma kurushanwa mugihe ibiciro bya karubone bizamuka?
Ushora imari mu ikoranabuhanga risukuye kandi urebe amategeko mashya. Ukorana nabafatanyabikorwa kugirango dusangire ibitekerezo nibiciro biri hasi. Kugumya kumenyesha bigufasha gukomeza umwanya wawe ku isoko ryibyuma.
